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HL Chem > medchem tys mistakes > Flashcards

medchem tys mistakes Flashcards

1
Q

ethical QUANDRIES faced by researcers

A

animal testing / side effects on volunteers

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2
Q

why are chlorinated compounds NOT good WASTE

A

most are toxic
CARCINOGENIC???
contamination of groundwater risk

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3
Q

most effective adminstration technique

A

intravenous / injection into BLOODSTREAM

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4
Q

bioavailiability definition

A

percentage of ADMINISTERED DOSE that reaches the BLOODSTREAM

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5
Q

define
theraputic window
theraputic index

A

window: DOSAGE RANGE for theraputic effect without toxicity
index: TD50 / ED50
toxic to 50% pop divided by effective 50%

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6
Q

when given the NUMBRS how do you calculate lethal dose from minimum dose

A

times 30
= lethal

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7
Q

3 things to mention for antibacterial action of beta lactam ring

A
  1. very active amide grp
  2. angles are 90 instead of 109.5/120
  3. binds irreversibly to transpeptidase
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8
Q

dangers of overuse of penicillin 2

A

bacteria develop resistance
incr population/portion of resistent bacteria

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9
Q

reagent and by product in heroin synthesis

A

reagent: acetic acid CH3COOH
byproduct: water H2O

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10
Q

what is the mr of aspirin

A

180.17

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11
Q

what section of the data booklet is IR wavelength

A

26

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12
Q

IR wavelength of C=O and O-H

A

C=O –> 1700-1750
O-H –> 2500-3000
mention in which grp if possible
eg in carboxyl (Aspirin)

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13
Q

3 techniques to identify aspirin

A
  1. IR spectroscopy
  2. mass spectrometry
  3. melting point (138-140)
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14
Q

how is aspirin made water soluble

A

react with NaOH
(made into a salt?)

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15
Q

how can incr solubility help bioavailiability

A

incr absorption in mouth
incr rate of dispersion (in bloodstream)

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16
Q

beta lactam = disrupts cell wall construction = so what

A

cell aborbs water and bursts

cell cannot repro

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17
Q

how to incr penicillin effectiveness

A

modify side chain

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18
Q

why is aspirin stored in cool dry palce

A

reacts with water / undergoes hydrolysis
heat speeds up this reaction

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19
Q

why dont take aspirin with alcohol

A

incr risk of vomiting
incr toxicity

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20
Q

what is ranitidine

A

a H2 receptor antagonist

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21
Q

advantages of H2 receptor antagonist vs antacids 3

A

H2 can treat ulcers
H2 long term effect
H2 does not prod bloating

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22
Q

why iswater used to rinse aspirin cold?

A

to avoid dissoliving the aspirin crystals

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23
Q

aspirin conversion to ionic compound structural?

A

-OH becomes O- (ion)

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24
Q

salicylic vs aspirin IR spec

A

salicylic has 3200-3500 bc of OH grp absent in aspirin

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25
Q

why is heroin more potent than morphine

A

heroin is lipid soluble and less polar than morphine which is more polar

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26
Q

why is codeine publicly availible but morphine is NOT

A

morphine has a much smaller theraputic window

27
Q

what is an ether grp? (heroin has 1, codeine has 2)

A

? – O – ?

28
Q

wihdrawl symptoms heroin

A

nausea
feeling despressed/irritable
fever

29
Q

what does morphine react with to form codeine

A

methyl iodide (in alkaline solution)

30
Q

why are opiates addictive?

A

patient craves dopamine release

withdrawl symptoms (Discourage stop use)

alters brain cell structure

31
Q

solutbility in water ranking of codeine morphine and diamorphine

A

morphine > codeine > heroin
incr hydroxyl grp =stronger hydrogen bonding = mroe soluble

32
Q

when given histamine strcture: how was zantac developed? these bitches really had to do me like that

A

competes with histamine for binding

33
Q

3 steps enantioselective production

A
  1. chiral auxillary – connected to starting molecule, forces reaction to follow certain path
  2. auxillary creates desired sterochemical conditions
  3. auxillary removed aft new chiral centre created
34
Q

environ impacts of choloroflorocarbons

A
  • LARGE/SIGNIFICANT contribution to global warming
  • causes ozone depletion
35
Q

examples of low level nuclear waste

A

gowns, gloves, syringes, tools (radioactively contaminated)

36
Q

examples of intermediate level nuclear waste (medical doesnt go to high)

A

radioactive sources / equipment
- storage underground (in shielded concrete structures)

37
Q

ether vs ester

A

ether is -o- ester is c=o + -o-

38
Q

how does zanamivir work

A

inhibits neuraminidase activity = prevents virus from escaping host (no cleavage)

39
Q

amino vs amide grp

A

-NH
vs
C=O + -N

40
Q

2 steps for polarimeter

A
  1. plane polarised light passed thru sample
  2. each enantiomer rotates plane polarised light in opposite directions (by same angle)
41
Q

how has green chem improved taxol prod

A
  • stripping bark kills pacific yew tree
  • uses leaves of common yew (renewable resources)
  • process has incr energy efficiency
42
Q

some steps from the process of extracting taxol 4

A
  • taxol more soluble in 1 solvent (2 immiscible liquids)
  • shaking/stirring mixture
  • seperating 2 layers
  • solvent evaporated from final mix = pure taxol
43
Q

taxol thru chiral prod – green chem

A

sustainable bc not obtained from yew trees
chiral auxillaries reused
one entantiomer produced

44
Q

what radiation does technium 99 radiate

A

gamma – low energy

45
Q

3 properties that make isotope suitable for DIAGNOSIS

A
  • easily traceable
    -short half life (technium99 - 6h)
  • weak ionising radiation
46
Q

how to dispose of low level nuclear waste

A

store in secure container until inactive
dispose in landfills/ with other waste

47
Q

how to calculate half life

A

e^ -(ln2 / half life)x(hours left for) x moles of substance

if they ask for percentage instead of moles, x100

48
Q

how is targeted alpha therapy (TAT) okay even tho alpha particles are damaging af

A

carried to cancer cells

short range

= more specific treatment

49
Q

beta radiation equation

A

smaller number (below) + 1
+ 0
-1 e

50
Q

equation for absorbing a neutron

A

+ 1
0 n

51
Q

short half life stuff in made on site because?

A

most will decay in transport

52
Q

technium sutiability 4

A
  • emits gamma rays (weak ionising rad)
  • chemically versatile/reactive
  • short half life 6h
  • gamma can be picked up my medical equipment
53
Q

when a substance undergoes say beta decay make sure to check if the letter changes

A
54
Q

how does TAT work

A

alpha emitting isotopes absorbed by cancer cells
, alpha particles have high ionising power

  • short range (specific and local) effect.= little damage to surrounding tissues
55
Q

how is TAT administered

A

alpha emitting isotopes administered using carrier protein/ antibodies

56
Q

what kind of cancer does TAT target

A

those that spread
eg breast / leukemia

57
Q

changes in acceptable concentrations in drugs WHY

A

improvements in technology = incr precision

58
Q

how is gas chromatography used to analyse urine components

A

components partition between 2 phases
move at diff rates thru instrument

59
Q

how does fuel cell breathalyser work

A

ethanol –> ethanoic acid (Release electrons)

current compared to a reference (to determien ethanol conc)

60
Q

equation in fuel cell breathalyser

A

C2H5OH + O2 –> CH2COOH + H2O
(oxidation of ethanol)

61
Q

redox breathalyser hows it work

A

colour change orange to green
Cr 6+ –> Cr 3+

62
Q

which IR bond is best for id-ing ethanol in breath

A

C-O or C-H
bc O-H is also present in water (and hence breath)

63
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

temp incr up fractionating column

liquids condense at diff heights

HL Chem (18 decks)

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