medchem tys mistakes Flashcards
ethical QUANDRIES faced by researcers
animal testing / side effects on volunteers
why are chlorinated compounds NOT good WASTE
most are toxic
CARCINOGENIC???
contamination of groundwater risk
most effective adminstration technique
intravenous / injection into BLOODSTREAM
bioavailiability definition
percentage of ADMINISTERED DOSE that reaches the BLOODSTREAM
define
theraputic window
theraputic index
window: DOSAGE RANGE for theraputic effect without toxicity
index: TD50 / ED50
toxic to 50% pop divided by effective 50%
when given the NUMBRS how do you calculate lethal dose from minimum dose
times 30
= lethal
3 things to mention for antibacterial action of beta lactam ring
- very active amide grp
- angles are 90 instead of 109.5/120
- binds irreversibly to transpeptidase
dangers of overuse of penicillin 2
bacteria develop resistance
incr population/portion of resistent bacteria
reagent and by product in heroin synthesis
reagent: acetic acid CH3COOH
byproduct: water H2O
what is the mr of aspirin
180.17
what section of the data booklet is IR wavelength
26
IR wavelength of C=O and O-H
C=O –> 1700-1750
O-H –> 2500-3000
mention in which grp if possible
eg in carboxyl (Aspirin)
3 techniques to identify aspirin
- IR spectroscopy
- mass spectrometry
- melting point (138-140)
how is aspirin made water soluble
react with NaOH
(made into a salt?)
how can incr solubility help bioavailiability
incr absorption in mouth
incr rate of dispersion (in bloodstream)
beta lactam = disrupts cell wall construction = so what
cell aborbs water and bursts
cell cannot repro
how to incr penicillin effectiveness
modify side chain
why is aspirin stored in cool dry palce
reacts with water / undergoes hydrolysis
heat speeds up this reaction
why dont take aspirin with alcohol
incr risk of vomiting
incr toxicity
what is ranitidine
a H2 receptor antagonist
advantages of H2 receptor antagonist vs antacids 3
H2 can treat ulcers
H2 long term effect
H2 does not prod bloating
why iswater used to rinse aspirin cold?
to avoid dissoliving the aspirin crystals
aspirin conversion to ionic compound structural?
-OH becomes O- (ion)
salicylic vs aspirin IR spec
salicylic has 3200-3500 bc of OH grp absent in aspirin
why is heroin more potent than morphine
heroin is lipid soluble and less polar than morphine which is more polar
why is codeine publicly availible but morphine is NOT
morphine has a much smaller theraputic window
what is an ether grp? (heroin has 1, codeine has 2)
? – O – ?
wihdrawl symptoms heroin
nausea
feeling despressed/irritable
fever
what does morphine react with to form codeine
methyl iodide (in alkaline solution)
why are opiates addictive?
patient craves dopamine release
withdrawl symptoms (Discourage stop use)
alters brain cell structure
solutbility in water ranking of codeine morphine and diamorphine
morphine > codeine > heroin
incr hydroxyl grp =stronger hydrogen bonding = mroe soluble
when given histamine strcture: how was zantac developed? these bitches really had to do me like that
competes with histamine for binding
3 steps enantioselective production
- chiral auxillary – connected to starting molecule, forces reaction to follow certain path
- auxillary creates desired sterochemical conditions
- auxillary removed aft new chiral centre created
environ impacts of choloroflorocarbons
- LARGE/SIGNIFICANT contribution to global warming
- causes ozone depletion
examples of low level nuclear waste
gowns, gloves, syringes, tools (radioactively contaminated)
examples of intermediate level nuclear waste (medical doesnt go to high)
radioactive sources / equipment
- storage underground (in shielded concrete structures)
ether vs ester
ether is -o- ester is c=o + -o-
how does zanamivir work
inhibits neuraminidase activity = prevents virus from escaping host (no cleavage)
amino vs amide grp
-NH
vs
C=O + -N
2 steps for polarimeter
- plane polarised light passed thru sample
- each enantiomer rotates plane polarised light in opposite directions (by same angle)
how has green chem improved taxol prod
- stripping bark kills pacific yew tree
- uses leaves of common yew (renewable resources)
- process has incr energy efficiency
some steps from the process of extracting taxol 4
- taxol more soluble in 1 solvent (2 immiscible liquids)
- shaking/stirring mixture
- seperating 2 layers
- solvent evaporated from final mix = pure taxol
taxol thru chiral prod – green chem
sustainable bc not obtained from yew trees
chiral auxillaries reused
one entantiomer produced
what radiation does technium 99 radiate
gamma – low energy
3 properties that make isotope suitable for DIAGNOSIS
- easily traceable
-short half life (technium99 - 6h) - weak ionising radiation
how to dispose of low level nuclear waste
store in secure container until inactive
dispose in landfills/ with other waste
how to calculate half life
e^ -(ln2 / half life)x(hours left for) x moles of substance
if they ask for percentage instead of moles, x100
how is targeted alpha therapy (TAT) okay even tho alpha particles are damaging af
carried to cancer cells
short range
= more specific treatment
beta radiation equation
smaller number (below) + 1
+ 0
-1 e
equation for absorbing a neutron
+ 1
0 n
short half life stuff in made on site because?
most will decay in transport
technium sutiability 4
- emits gamma rays (weak ionising rad)
- chemically versatile/reactive
- short half life 6h
- gamma can be picked up my medical equipment
when a substance undergoes say beta decay make sure to check if the letter changes
how does TAT work
alpha emitting isotopes absorbed by cancer cells
, alpha particles have high ionising power
- short range (specific and local) effect.= little damage to surrounding tissues
how is TAT administered
alpha emitting isotopes administered using carrier protein/ antibodies
what kind of cancer does TAT target
those that spread
eg breast / leukemia
changes in acceptable concentrations in drugs WHY
improvements in technology = incr precision
how is gas chromatography used to analyse urine components
components partition between 2 phases
move at diff rates thru instrument
how does fuel cell breathalyser work
ethanol –> ethanoic acid (Release electrons)
current compared to a reference (to determien ethanol conc)
equation in fuel cell breathalyser
C2H5OH + O2 –> CH2COOH + H2O
(oxidation of ethanol)
redox breathalyser hows it work
colour change orange to green
Cr 6+ –> Cr 3+
which IR bond is best for id-ing ethanol in breath
C-O or C-H
bc O-H is also present in water (and hence breath)
how does fractional distillation work
temp incr up fractionating column
liquids condense at diff heights
