medchem tys mistakes Flashcards by rui en

ethical QUANDRIES faced by researcers

animal testing / side effects on volunteers

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why are chlorinated compounds NOT good WASTE

most are toxic
CARCINOGENIC???
contamination of groundwater risk

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most effective adminstration technique

intravenous / injection into BLOODSTREAM

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bioavailiability definition

percentage of ADMINISTERED DOSE that reaches the BLOODSTREAM

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define
theraputic window
theraputic index

window: DOSAGE RANGE for theraputic effect without toxicity
index: TD50 / ED50
toxic to 50% pop divided by effective 50%

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when given the NUMBRS how do you calculate lethal dose from minimum dose

times 30
= lethal

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3 things to mention for antibacterial action of beta lactam ring

very active amide grp
angles are 90 instead of 109.5/120
binds irreversibly to transpeptidase

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dangers of overuse of penicillin 2

bacteria develop resistance
incr population/portion of resistent bacteria

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reagent and by product in heroin synthesis

reagent: acetic acid CH3COOH
byproduct: water H2O

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what is the mr of aspirin

180.17

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what section of the data booklet is IR wavelength

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IR wavelength of C=O and O-H

C=O –> 1700-1750
O-H –> 2500-3000
mention in which grp if possible
eg in carboxyl (Aspirin)

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3 techniques to identify aspirin

IR spectroscopy
mass spectrometry
melting point (138-140)

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how is aspirin made water soluble

react with NaOH
(made into a salt?)

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how can incr solubility help bioavailiability

incr absorption in mouth
incr rate of dispersion (in bloodstream)

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beta lactam = disrupts cell wall construction = so what

cell aborbs water and bursts

cell cannot repro

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how to incr penicillin effectiveness

modify side chain

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why is aspirin stored in cool dry palce

reacts with water / undergoes hydrolysis
heat speeds up this reaction

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why dont take aspirin with alcohol

incr risk of vomiting
incr toxicity

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what is ranitidine

a H2 receptor antagonist

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advantages of H2 receptor antagonist vs antacids 3

H2 can treat ulcers
H2 long term effect
H2 does not prod bloating

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why iswater used to rinse aspirin cold?

to avoid dissoliving the aspirin crystals

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aspirin conversion to ionic compound structural?

-OH becomes O- (ion)

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salicylic vs aspirin IR spec

salicylic has 3200-3500 bc of OH grp absent in aspirin

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why is heroin more potent than morphine

heroin is lipid soluble and less polar than morphine which is more polar

why is codeine publicly availible but morphine is NOT

morphine has a much smaller theraputic window

what is an ether grp? (heroin has 1, codeine has 2)

? -- O -- ?

wihdrawl symptoms heroin

nausea feeling despressed/irritable fever

what does morphine react with to form codeine

methyl iodide (in alkaline solution)

why are opiates addictive?

patient craves dopamine release withdrawl symptoms (Discourage stop use) alters brain cell structure

solutbility in water ranking of codeine morphine and diamorphine

morphine > codeine > heroin incr hydroxyl grp =stronger hydrogen bonding = mroe soluble

when given histamine strcture: how was zantac developed? these bitches really had to do me like that

competes with histamine for binding

3 steps enantioselective production

1. chiral auxillary -- connected to starting molecule, forces reaction to follow certain path 2. auxillary creates desired sterochemical conditions 3. auxillary removed aft new chiral centre created

environ impacts of choloroflorocarbons

- LARGE/SIGNIFICANT contribution to global warming - causes ozone depletion

examples of low level nuclear waste

gowns, gloves, syringes, tools (radioactively contaminated)

examples of intermediate level nuclear waste (medical doesnt go to high)

radioactive sources / equipment - storage underground (in shielded concrete structures)

ether vs ester

ether is -o- ester is c=o + -o-

how does zanamivir work

inhibits neuraminidase activity = prevents virus from escaping host (no cleavage)

amino vs amide grp

-NH vs C=O + -N

2 steps for polarimeter

1. plane polarised light passed thru sample 2. each enantiomer rotates plane polarised light in opposite directions (by same angle)

how has green chem improved taxol prod

- stripping bark kills pacific yew tree - uses leaves of common yew (renewable resources) - process has incr energy efficiency

some steps from the process of extracting taxol 4

- taxol more soluble in 1 solvent (2 immiscible liquids) - shaking/stirring mixture - seperating 2 layers - solvent evaporated from final mix = pure taxol

taxol thru chiral prod -- green chem

sustainable bc not obtained from yew trees chiral auxillaries reused one entantiomer produced

what radiation does technium 99 radiate

gamma -- low energy

3 properties that make isotope suitable for DIAGNOSIS

- easily traceable -short half life (technium99 - 6h) - weak ionising radiation

how to dispose of low level nuclear waste

store in secure container until inactive dispose in landfills/ with other waste

how to calculate half life

e^ -(ln2 / half life)x(hours left for) x moles of substance if they ask for percentage instead of moles, x100

how is targeted alpha therapy (TAT) okay even tho alpha particles are damaging af

carried to cancer cells short range = more specific treatment

beta radiation equation

smaller number (below) + 1 + 0 -1 e

equation for absorbing a neutron

+ 1 0 n

short half life stuff in made on site because?

most will decay in transport

technium sutiability 4

- emits gamma rays (weak ionising rad) - chemically versatile/reactive - short half life 6h - gamma can be picked up my medical equipment

when a substance undergoes say beta decay make sure to check if the letter changes

how does TAT work

alpha emitting isotopes absorbed by cancer cells , alpha particles have high ionising power - short range (specific and local) effect.= little damage to surrounding tissues

how is TAT administered

alpha emitting isotopes administered using carrier protein/ antibodies

what kind of cancer does TAT target

those that spread eg breast / leukemia

changes in acceptable concentrations in drugs WHY

improvements in technology = incr precision

how is gas chromatography used to analyse urine components

components partition between 2 phases move at diff rates thru instrument

how does fuel cell breathalyser work

ethanol --> ethanoic acid (Release electrons) current compared to a reference (to determien ethanol conc)

equation in fuel cell breathalyser

C2H5OH + O2 --> CH2COOH + H2O (oxidation of ethanol)

redox breathalyser hows it work

colour change orange to green Cr 6+ --> Cr 3+

which IR bond is best for id-ing ethanol in breath

C-O or C-H bc O-H is also present in water (and hence breath)

how does fractional distillation work

temp incr up fractionating column liquids condense at diff heights