D6 environmental impact of some medications

Question 1

green chem success in production of Viagra by Pfizer

Answer 1

uses a modified reaction route – prod a quarter of waste = reduces amt of solvent, avoids use of toxic and hazardous reagents

Question 2

green chem success in sysnthesis of anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen

Answer 2

altered 6step to 3 step route
- incr atom economy
- reduced energy demand

Question 3

green chem success synthesis of analgesic drug Lyrica

Answer 3

modified: use natural reagent (Enzyme, water solvent) = red. use of non renewable org materials = red emmisions >3mil tonnes of co2

Question 4

what is tamiflu

Answer 4

an antiviral that may lessen the spread of flu in body

Question 5

8 principles of green chemistry

Answer 5

1. waste prevention
2. atom economy
3. less hazardous
4. designing safer chemicals
5. safer solvents and auxillaries
6. energy efficiency
7. use of renewable feedstocks
8. reduce derivatives catalysis

Question 6

3 factors for sustainability of solvents

Answer 6

1. toxicity to workers
2. safety of the process
3. harm to the environment

Question 7

examples of problamatic solvents (disposal)

Answer 7

chlorinated compound, ethers, aromatic compounds

Question 8

example of desirable solvents (disposal)

Answer 8

water, alcohols, possibly esters

Question 9

nuclear waste with ______ is high level
______ is low level

Answer 9

long half life = high
short half life = low

Question 10

characteristics of high level nuclear waste

Answer 10

• gives off large amt of ionising radiation for a long time
• long half lives
• products of decay may also be radioactive

Question 11

3 steps for disposing high level nuclear waste

Answer 11

1. stored underwater in reinforced cooling ponds for 5-10 years
2. transferred to dry storage – in heavily shielding structures buried deep
3. essential to prevent leakage to underground water supply

Question 12

desceribe low level nuclear waste

Answer 12

gives off small amts of ionising radiation for a short time
- most of waste generated by nuclear med
- eg clothing contaminated by radioactive material

Question 13

disposal method for low level radioactive waste

Answer 13

1. interim storage in sealed containers
2. radioactivity decays (hours/days)
3. waste can be disposed of by conventional means

Question 14

5 uses of antibiotics

Answer 14

1. theraputic use in aquaculture and household gas
2. growth promotion and prophylactic use in animal livestock
3. pest control (agriculture)
4. sanitisers in toiletries and household cleaning
5. sterilisation and culture selection (Research)

Question 15

whats the use of antibiotics in animal feeds

Answer 15

lower incidence of disease in the stock

Question 16

what does improper antibotic disposal result in

Answer 16

contaimination of surface, ground, and drinking water supplies

Question 17

how does antibiotic resistance arise

Answer 17

by genetic mutation in bacteria

Question 18

where can antibiotic resistance be traced back to

Answer 18

the beginning of large scale commercial production and distribution of antibiotics