Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HL Chem > 10.1 organic chemsitry > Flashcards

10.1 organic chemsitry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

define homologous series

A
  • series of compounds
  • same family
  • same general formula
  • differ from each other from a common structural unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nucleophile vs electrophile

A

electron pair donor vs acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

drawing arrows convntion

A

full arrow — electron pair
half arrow – single electron
these are curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chiral carbon (a sterocenter)

A

diff groups on all sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how to determine if a double bond is a stereo center

A

if it can form cis/trans, 4 distinct grpsh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how to calculate no of enantiomers

A

2^no of seterocenters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nitration of benzene conditions

A

conc H2SO4, 50C
benzene + conc HNO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

definition nitration (of benzene)

A

electrophillic substitution of a H atom by a nitro grp. -MO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

equation (drawn) for nitration of benzene

A

(o) + HNO3 (conc) –H2SO4 (conc), 50C–> (o)–NO2 + H2SO4 (regenerated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mechanism of nitration of benzene *

A
  1. generation of electrophile, NO2+
    HNO3 + 2H2SO4 <—> NO2+ + H3O+ + 2HSO4-
  2. no2+ attacked by delocalised pi electrons,
    - 1 pair (curved arrow) removed to NO2+ –SLOW–> complicated intermediate. –> (O)–NO2 + H2SO4 (regen)

intermediate
H and NO2 on same corner, HSO4-: (curved arrow to H). (O) interior missing that end of the circle. plus sign in center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

boiling point trends for organic molecules

A

BP incr with incr size

each -CH2- = incr London Dispersion Forces = incr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is a molecule represented with condensed structural formula (propene?)

A

propene –> CH2 = CHCH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are strucural isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structural formulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is branch-chain isomerism

A

same molecular formula BUT longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same

  • caused by branching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name the 3 types of structural isomerism

A

branch-chain

positional

functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are positional isomers

A

differences in position of functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

diff functional grps result in the same molecular formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when given a formula eg CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 what do the brackets mean

A

side chain!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is a side chain named

A

it is an alkyl group!

CH3 = methyl

tri/di etc eg trimethyl – this is the total in the molecule

carbon number is listed in from eg
3, 3, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what if theres more than one type of side chain? how do you name them then

A

alphabetical order

eg 4-ethyl-2-methyl hexane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

23
Q

how is the double bond in an alkene presented

A

but-1-ene

24
Q

alkynes general formula

A

CnH2n-2

they have a triple bond!

pent - 1 -yne

25
Q

what are arenes

A

compounds with 1 or 2 more rings with pi electrons that are delocalised

26
Q

what compounds are aromatic

A

arenes

27
Q

what is the one aromatic hydrocarbon covered in IB!

A

BENZENE !!! C6H6

28
Q

what is the functional group of benzene

A

phenyl group

29
Q

general formula of halogenoalkanes

A

Cn H2n+1 X

30
Q

how are haloalkanes named

A

prefix is the halogen
chloro-

ending -ane

1,1-dibromopropane
1-bromo-2-chloropropane

31
Q

what are ethers

A

the ones with the O in the middle
R-O-R

functional group isomers of alcohols

32
Q

general formula of ethers

A

CnH2n+2O

33
Q

naming ethers 2

A

meth oxy ethane

(older)
ethyl methyl ether (the two sides then ether)

34
Q

what is the functional group of carbonyls

A

C = O

35
Q

general formula for carbonyl

A

CnH2nO

36
Q

aldehydes vs ketones

A

aldehydes: carbonyl grp on the end of the chain

ketones: min. 3 carbons, carbonyl not on ends

37
Q

nomenclature of aldehydes vs ketones

A

a: – al
k: – one

ethanal
propanone

38
Q

differences in reactions between aldehydes and ketones is bc of ?

A

the H on the aldehyde / nature of the R group

39
Q

consequences of having a C=O bond (polarity)

A

diff in electrongeativity = polar = dipole-dipole

  • higher BP (for small molc)
  • solubility in water for lower members
40
Q

carboxylic acids general formula

A

RCOOH

41
Q

what are esters

A

functional grp isomers of carboxylic acids

carboxylate
-COOR

42
Q

nomencalture of esters

A

so its like the C=O sticks out and the -C-O- is bonded to groups SO the name “methyl ethanoate” the first part is for the group bonded to the O, the second is for the part bonded to the C (including the C)

so that would be
C - C - O - C
O

43
Q

why are chemical and physical properties of carboxylic acids and esters different despite benig functional group isomers

A

carboxylic acids have H-BONDS

CA: smaller chain soluble in water, higher BP
esters: insoluble, lower BP

44
Q

amines vs amides vs nitriles

A

amines: NH2
amides: CONH2
nitriles: CN (cyanide grp)(triple bond)

45
Q

what is sterochemistry

A

the study of relative spatial arrangements of atoms in molecules

46
Q

how to determine if its a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol/halogenoalkane

A

ok so look at the carbon that the OH is attached to. then how many C atoms is that C attached to. tahts it

47
Q

primary sec ter for AMINES yes its different

A

number of alkyl grps attached to the N

48
Q

kekules structure for benzene PROBLEMS 3

A
  • similar reactivity to ethene: NAH ethene has addition reactions while benzene has substitution reactions
  • shorter double, longer single bonds: ERM ACTUALLY they were the same lenght
  • banzene is actually more stable than expected
49
Q

lenght of bonds in benzene

A

intermediate between single and double bonds

50
Q

kekule strucure for benzene

A

hexagon with 3 double bonds
equivalent to 3 ethene molecules

51
Q

why is benzene more stable than expected

A

delocalisation energy from the delocalised electrons

52
Q

benzene is a (shape) with bond angles of ()

A

planar regular hexagon

120 degrees

53
Q

all carbons in benzene are sp?

A

sp2

forms sigma bonds with

54
Q

explain the delocalisation of electrons in benzene

A

sp2 hybridised carbons form sigma bonds with 2 other C + 1 H

remaining p orbital overlaps = forms system of pi bonds spread across whole ring

electrons are not bound to specific atoms, freely move around

HL Chem (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions