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HL Chem > D3 Opiates > Flashcards

D3 Opiates Flashcards

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1
Q

essential idea of opiates

A

potent med drugs prepped by chem modification of natural products
- can become addictive and substances of abuse

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2
Q

what are opiates

A

natural narcotic analgesics derived from the opium poppy

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3
Q

how do opitates prevent pain

A

preventing the transmission of pain impulses in the brain rather than at the source

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4
Q

where do analgesic properties of opitates come from

A
  • humans possess opioid receptors in brain – temporary binding blocks transmission of impulses betw brain and pain signalling cells
  • interferes with perception of pain w/o depression central nervous system
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5
Q

what are the effects of opiates

A

act on brain = change in behaviour and mood = a narcotic
- effective painkillers, but addictive properties + side effects

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6
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a membrane that surrounds the brain to protect it
- hydrophobic, non-polar environment (not easily crossed by polar molecules)

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7
Q

what does the ability of the drug to cross blood brain barrier depend on

A

chemical structure and solubility in water and lipids

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8
Q

what solubility types are impt in where 2

A

chem structure determines solubility!
- aqueous solubility impt in blood
- lipid solubility impt in crossing blood brain barrier

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9
Q

side effects of using strong analgesics 4 (disadvantages)

A
  • constipation
  • suppresson of cough reflex
  • contriction of pupil (Eye)
  • narcotic effects (eg slowed breathing, nausea, drowsiness)
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10
Q

pain management: WHO 3 step analgesic ladder

A
  1. use mild analgesics
  2. add weak opioid eg codeine/tramadol
  3. severe pain: strong opioids eg morphine, methadone
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11
Q

synthesis of codeine

A

syn. from morphine thru methylation reaction
- one hydroxyl grp is methylated to prod. codeine

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12
Q

synthesis of diamorphine (heroin)

A

syn, from morphine thru acetylation reaction
- two hydroxyl grp acetylated

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13
Q

codeine vs diamorphine

A

synthesis: methylated vs acetylated
change 1 OH grp vs 2
- both from morphine
- both change hydroxyl (-OH) groups

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14
Q

why is diamorphine more potent than morphine 3

A
  • increased lipophilicity from additional acetyl grps
  • dia.m crosses blood brain barrier more rapidly = enhanced central nervous sytem effects, incr potency
  • dia.m undergoes rapid hydrolysis in body into morphine (active metabolite) = incr potency
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15
Q

what derivative of morphine is most potent and why

A

6-acetylmorphine
- contains ester link at only one position
- does not need to undergo hydrolysis reaction (before interacting w brain cells)
- prod as a metabolite from heroin in body BUT
- high activity = extremely dangerous in pure form

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16
Q

morphine structure and functionla grps

A

the 2 -OH on top and bottom right

  • arene
  • ester
  • alkenyl
  • hydroxyl (2)
  • tertiary amino (constant)
17
Q

codeine structure and functional grps

A

-OH at top right,
- O - CH3 on bottom right

  • arene
  • ester 2
  • alkenyl
  • hydroxyl (1)
  • tertiary amino (constant)
18
Q

diamorphine structure and functional groups

A

-O-C = O
– CH3
on both top and bottom right

  • arene
  • ester
  • alkenyl
  • ester (ethanoate) 2
  • tertiary amino (constant)
19
Q

where is codeine obtained from

A

0.5% raw opium
usually prepped from morphine

20
Q

where is morphine obtained from

A

raw opium 10%

21
Q

where is diamorphine obtained from

A

found in opium BUT usually obtained thru reaction of morphine

22
Q

theraputic uses of codeine

A
  • sometimes used in prep with non-narcotic drugs (eg paracetamol/aspirin) in 2nd stage of pain management ladder
  • used in cough meds + short term diarrhoea treatment
23
Q

theraputic uses of morphine

A
  • managemnt of severe pain eg advanced cancer
  • can lead to dependence – must be regulated by a medical professional
24
Q

theraputic uses of diamorphine

A
  • medically used only in a few countries legally
  • most rapidly acting, most abused
  • initial euphoric effects, but high potetial for addiction and incr tolerance
  • dependence –> withdrawl symptoms

HL Chem (27 decks)

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