D5 Antiviral medications Flashcards
viruses vs bacteria
- submicroscopic (electron) // microscopic (light)
- only protein and nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) // complex cellular structure
- live and repro in living cells // independently of other cells
- specific to host cells // non specific?
how do viruses function?
take over host cell to carry out repro = releases viral particles when cell dies
why is the bodys immune system inefficient to treat viruses
can remain dormant in cells, flaring up at a later time
why is it difficult to treat viruses 2
- they are structurally basic = little to target
- they multiply and mutate rapidly = changing succepibility to drugs
how are viruses treated? ______ treatemnt (________ healthcare)
prophylactic treatement
= preventative healthcare
example of prophylactic treatment
vaccination – stimulates body to produce specific antibodies to counter viruses
problem with prophylactic treatment
due to viral mutations = vaccines only useful for KNOWN strains
- diff vacc each year to counteract new strains
what is influenza caused by
sphereical viruses with only RNA
symptoms of influenza
chills, headache, sore throat, weakness
names of 2 impt proteins for influenza
- hemagglutinin (H)
- neuraminidase (N)
what is hemagglutinin in influenza viruses
a glycoprotein
- enables viral particle to ‘dock’ with host cell
what is neuraminidase in influenza
an enzyme
- catalyses cleavage reaction allowing new viral particles to escape from host
- snips off a sialic acid (sugar molecule) on host cell membrane
what is the action of neuraminidase
binds to substrate (sialic acid) at active site
how do influenza drugs inhibit
inhibitor drugs bind with neuraminidase permenantly
= interfere with life cycle of virus
which protein is a better target for influenza drugs (tho if action of either is affected = viral life cycle affected)
neuraminidase (N) is a better target
name 2 types of flu antivirals
tamiflu and relenza
functional grps tamiflu vs relenza
ester // carboxylic acid + hydroxyl (3)
drug administration tamiflu vs relenza
orally // inhalation
resistance to drug tamiflu vs relenza
rare strains show resistance // no resistance
counter effects tamiflu vs relenza
nausea + vomiting // possible asthma
what is the full name of AIDS and HIV
aquired immune deficiency syndrome
casued by
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV is a _____virus = genetic material is __NA
retro
R
Transmission of AIDS/HIV 3
blood
semen
mucus
what does AIDs cause
failure of immune system
= exposure to life threatening infection/cancer
what cell does HIV target
CD4’T – a type of wbc
4 how does HIV infect the CD4’T cell
- HIV binds to receptor proteins on cell surface = penetrates
- HIV releases RNA = enzyme reverse transcriptase synthesises viral DNA
- viral DNA integrates into cell DNA = replicates in daughter cells
- infected cell prod HIV, releasing upon death
Bind Rna Enrevtrans Daughter Death
BREDD
3 difficulties in solving aids
- targets cells that defend immune system against viruses
- mutates rapidly = body must continuously respond to new variations
- often dormant = hard for immune system to act against
what drugs are used to treat HIV
antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)
- target and interrupt diff stages in HIV life cycles = suppresses infections
- can prevent tranmission mother to child (pregnancy)
what do antiretroviral drugs target
viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
example of ARV inhibitors targeting viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
must be tailored to indiv patients, using a combo of inhibitors
- must weigh factors: side effects, potency, transmission prevention, expense
- expensive and must be sustained lifelong
hasvaccination been able to provide imunity for HIV yet
NO :(
