conditions Flashcards
To be a standard electrode potential the measurements must be made at standard conditions, namely:
3
1.0 mol dm-3 ions concentrations
100 kPa pressure
298 K
hydroenation of alkenes
Pt/Ni catalyst
heat
hydration (Steam)
H3PO4 catalyst (phosphoric acid)
heat
electrophillic sub of benzene – nitration 3
CONC nitric acid
CONC sulphuric acid – catalyst
60 degrees celcius
chlorination of benzene
AlCl3 – anhydrous aluminium chloride
reacts with Cl2
2 common reducing agents for carbonyl compounds
Lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4
- anhydrous conditions
- addition of aqueous acid
- can reduce carboxylic acids
Sodium borohydride, NaBH4
- in aqueous or alcoholic solutions
- cannot reduce carboxylic acids
formation of aldehyde from caboxylic acid
LiAlH4
refluxed in dry ether
followed by dilute acid
BUT too powerful = reduced down to alcohol so need to oxidise again
reduction of nirobenzene
reacted with tin (Sn) and CONCENTRATED HCl
heated under reflux
- boiling water bath
THEN add NaOH (second stage)
free radical sub / halogenation of alkanes
UV light – alkanes are very unreactive
alkene to alkane (electrophilic addition/reduction)
nickel catalyst
200 degrees celcius
1000 kPa
alkene to alcohol
hydration
steam + sulfuric acid
heat 300 deg c
halogenoalkane to alcohol (nucleophillic sub)
NaOH (aq)
heat under reflux
oxidation of alcohol
K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate VII) mixed w H2SO4
(ACIDIFIED)
heat
reduction of ketone / aldehyde to alcohol
NaBH4 (aq)
heat
esterification
alcohol + carboxylic acid
CONCENTRATED H2SO4 catalyst
heat
carboxylic acid to alcohol reduction
carboxylic reduction to aldehyde
LiAlH4 in dry ether
heat
(may be too strong, may need to oxidise alcohol to aldehyde again)
aldehyde to carboxylic acid oxidation
K2Cr2O7 mixed with H2SO4
(ACIDIFIED)
heat UNDER REFLUX
