conditions Flashcards
To be a standard electrode potential the measurements must be made at standard conditions, namely:
3
1.0 mol dm-3 ions concentrations
100 kPa pressure
298 K
hydroenation of alkenes
Pt/Ni catalyst
heat
hydration (Steam)
H3PO4 catalyst (phosphoric acid)
heat
electrophillic sub of benzene – nitration 3
CONC nitric acid
CONC sulphuric acid – catalyst
60 degrees celcius
chlorination of benzene
AlCl3 – anhydrous aluminium chloride
reacts with Cl2
2 common reducing agents for carbonyl compounds
Lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4
- anhydrous conditions
- addition of aqueous acid
- can reduce carboxylic acids
Sodium borohydride, NaBH4
- in aqueous or alcoholic solutions
- cannot reduce carboxylic acids
formation of aldehyde from caboxylic acid
LiAlH4
refluxed in dry ether
followed by dilute acid
BUT too powerful = reduced down to alcohol so need to oxidise again
reduction of nirobenzene
reacted with tin (Sn) and CONCENTRATED HCl
heated under reflux
- boiling water bath
THEN add NaOH (second stage)
free radical sub / halogenation of alkanes
UV light – alkanes are very unreactive
alkene to alkane (electrophilic addition/reduction)
nickel catalyst
200 degrees celcius
1000 kPa
alkene to alcohol
hydration
steam + sulfuric acid
heat 300 deg c
halogenoalkane to alcohol (nucleophillic sub)
NaOH (aq)
heat under reflux
oxidation of alcohol
K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate VII) mixed w H2SO4
(ACIDIFIED)
heat
reduction of ketone / aldehyde to alcohol
NaBH4 (aq)
heat
esterification
alcohol + carboxylic acid
CONCENTRATED H2SO4 catalyst
heat
