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HL Chem > D8 Nuclear medicine > Flashcards

D8 Nuclear medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

define nucleons

A

number and type of nucleons present

protons and neutrons

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2
Q

stable vs unstable nuclei

A

balanced forces among nucleons // unbalanced forces

not reactive // radioactive (spontaneously decay - forms more stable nuclei)

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3
Q

what are unstable nuclei called

A

radionuclides

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4
Q

describe natural radionuclides

A
  • occur in enviro
  • include 235U, 3H, 14C
  • all elements Z=84 and above = naturally radioactive, no stable naturally occuring isotope
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5
Q

describe induced/artificial radionuclides

A
  • unstable thru procedures, usually bombardment reactions w neutrons/helium nuclei at great speed
  • many radionuclides used in nuclear med prod thru this
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6
Q

how are most radionuclides in nuclear med produced

A

induced/artificial radionuclides
- made unstable usually thru bombardment reactions with neutrons/helium nuclei at great speed

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7
Q

define radioactivity

A

involves the emission of energy and particles
from the nucleus as
an atom decays
into a more stable form

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8
Q

who discovered radioactivity (initial)

A

henri becquerel
- photographic plates became fogged close to uranium salts – bc emission

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9
Q

who furthered radioactivity studies

A

pierre and marie curie

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10
Q

2 types of atomic nuclei

A
  1. quarks – makes up neutrons and protons
  2. antiparticles – equivalent mass but opp charge eg positron
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11
Q

how are quarks arranged

A

sets of 3

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12
Q

what is a positron

A

antiparticle of an electron w same pass and positive charge
- when antiparticles and particles collide = mutual destruction

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13
Q

5 possible events during the decay of a radionucleotide into a more stable form

A
  1. ejection of a neutron
  2. ejection of a proton
  3. conversion of. aneutron to a proton + ejection of beta particle
  4. conversion of proton to neutron + ejection of positron
  5. release of gamma rays
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14
Q

what is ejected when a neutron is converted to a proton

A

beta particle

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15
Q

what is ejected when a proton is converted to a neutron

A

a positron

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16
Q

results of radionuclide decay 3

A
  1. diff types of radiation
  2. formation of new nuclide
  3. change in proton number
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17
Q

what is alpha radiation

A

the ejection of particles from the nucleus that carry a charge of 2+ and have a mass of 4 atomic mss units

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18
Q

alpha radiation is equivalent to a nucleus of ______, can be denoted as ^4 v2 __ or ^4 v2 a

A

helium
He

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19
Q

emission of an alpha particle causes the mass number of a radionuclide to ____ by __ units and atomic number to ____ by __ units

A

decrease
4
decrease
2 `

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20
Q

example of alpha decay – uranium to ?

A

thorium
238 –> 234
92 –> 90

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21
Q

what is beta radiation

A

conversion of a neutron to a proton with ejection of an electron (beta particle)

OR

converstion of a proton to a neutron with ejection of an positron

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22
Q

beta radiation example tritium –> ?

A

helium
- emission of a beta particle and a neutrino

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23
Q

what is gamma radiation (γ)

A

emission of energy as electromagnetic waves (photons)

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24
Q

what is the wavelength of photons

A

very short!
0.0005-0.1nm

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25
Q

frequencies of gamma radiation

A

above 10^19 Hz

26
Q

does gamma radiation involve altered atomic or mass number

A

NO. it results from energy changes in the nucleus

27
Q

what does gamma radiation result from

A

results from energy changes in the nucleus

28
Q

gamma radiation often accompanies ____________ as the energy of the _________ is ________ during radioactive decay

A

alpha or beta raditaion

radionuclide

lowered

29
Q

what usually accompanies alpha or beta radiation

A

gamma radiation

30
Q

define nuclear medicine

A

use of radiation in healthcare practice

31
Q

define radiotherapy

A

treatment: destruction of targeted cells (esp for cancer)

32
Q

define nuclear imaging

A

diagnosis: providing detailed info about internal organs

33
Q

advantages of nuclear imaging over x ray 2

A

can be applied to soft tissues as well as bones

allows internal organ function to be observed from outside the body

34
Q

diagnostic techniques in nuclear imaging – the process? 2

A
  1. attachment of radionuclide (tracer) to biologically active molecule
    – called radiopharmaceutical
  2. progress can be traced via gamma rays – using gamma camera
35
Q

what are radiopharmacueticals

A

designed to target a part of the body where there may be abnormality/disease

36
Q

example of radiopharmaceuticals iodine and glucose

A

iodine is taken up by thyroid gland, glucose taken up by brain
= tracer is attached to these molecules

37
Q

what do radiopharmacueticals allow for

A

allows for examination of organs for abnormality

  • ‘cold spots’ where isotopes are partially taken up, ‘hot spots’ in excess
38
Q

2 requriements for tracers

A

must emit gamma rays w enough energy to escape from the body

must have half-life long enough for the scan to be complete before decaying

39
Q

3 benefits of technetium-99m as a radiopharmacuetical

A
  1. half-life 6hours – active long enough for examination, decays quickly = minimise exposure
  2. decay = release of gamma rays, low-energy electrons = low radiation dose + can be detected
  3. artificial element generated in nuclear reactors (molydenum-99 decays)
40
Q

what is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical

A

technetium-99m (80% of all procedures)

41
Q

define radioactivity

A

involves the emission of energy and particles from the nucleus as an atom decays into a more stable form

42
Q

explain ionising effect of radiation

A

ionising radiation has enough energy to interact with an atom and cause the removal of electrons

forms highly unstable radicals

43
Q

what is ionisation density

A

average energy released along a unit length of their track

  • alpha,beta,gamma differ in ionisation density
44
Q

ionisation density of alpha vs gamma

A

alpha has +2, relatively high mass = HIGH ionisation density

gamma - lower
= same dose, prod radicals more sparsely

45
Q

why is radioactivity is dangerous to living cells

A

exposure to emissions = ionisation of biological molecules in cells/water = forms radicals

46
Q

impact of radioactivity on DNA

A

double helix structure = can break when ionised = cell death / mutation

47
Q

what is MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

application of NMR spec

presence of magnet
radio waves used to generate electronic signal
- decoded by computer = 2/3 D images

does not involve nuclear stuff

48
Q

what is MRI used for

A

diagnosing living tissue - hydrogen atoms present in water molcules which make up 70% of body mass

49
Q

process of positron emission tomography (PET)

A

radionuclide w positron emitting tracer inserted into body – accumulates in target tissue

positrons combine w electrons = energy released as gamma rays

gamma rays detected by camera

50
Q

common tracer for PET scanners? what is it bonded to and why does it help with diagnosing cancer

A

fluorine-18
- bonded to glucose
- uptake of glucose diff in cancer cells than normal cells

51
Q

what is radionuclide therapy

A

treatments involving irradiating the area containing the growth, with aims of controlling / eliminating the cancer

52
Q

why are cancer cells especially succeptible to damage from radiation

A

cancer cells = normal cells that lose regulatory mechanisms for control of growth and division

rapidly dividing = more sensitive to damage BC ionising effect primarily affects DNA that CONTROLS CELL DIV

53
Q

side effects of radiotherapy due to?

A

effects of radiation on surrounding tissue
- causes changes in the DNA of healthy as well as cancerous cells (esp those that divide rapidly like hair follicles)

54
Q

name some side effects of radiotherapy

A
  • hair loss (usually temporary)
  • sterility (more likely near ovaries/testes)
  • skin reaction
  • fatigue (req rest and hydration)
  • nausea (mroe likely near digestive system)
55
Q

process of EXTERNAL radiotherapy

A

external source of radiation is directed at site of cancer from radioactive source

  • emits gamma rad = penetrates and damages cancer cells
56
Q

what is usually used in external radiotherapy

A

cobalt-60

undergoes beta decay into stable product nickel-60

57
Q

benefits of recent developments in external radiotherapy

A

greater precision in targeting of ionising radiation

minimum damage to surrounding tissue

(esp useful for brain cancer)

58
Q

name the 2 recent developments in external radiotherapy

A

linear accelerator and gamma knife radiosurgery

59
Q

process of linear accelerator? (recent development in external radiotherapy)

A

type of particle accelerator – microwave tech used to accelerate electrons

aimed at heavy metal target

prod high energy x rays

precisely directed at tumour

60
Q

process of gamma knife radiosurgery (recent devt in external radiotherapy)

A

tiny beams of gamma rad focused on tumour from approx 200 cobalt-60 sources

strong dose at site where beams converge

HL Chem (28 decks)

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