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THE EXAM > Med Nursing 3 > Flashcards

Med Nursing 3 Flashcards

1
Q

CO = __ x __

A

CO = HR x SV

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2
Q

Factors effecting stroke volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

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3
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • An abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac pumping/filling
  • Heart is unable to produce an adequate cardiac output (CO) to meet metabolic needs (inadequate stroke volume and cardiac output).
  • Associated with longstanding hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial infarction (MI)
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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle mass and cardiac wall thickness in response to chronic dilation

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5
Q

Right Sided HF

A

Usually caused by left-sided heart failure
Causes back up in venous system

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6
Q

STIs

A

Infectious diseases most commonly transmitted through sexual contact

Can be bacterial or viral

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6
Q

Left-sided HF

A

Blood backs up into left atrium & pulmonary veins
Causes pulmonary congestion & edema

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7
Q

Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

A
  • Second most frequently occurring STI
  • Curable, bacterial
  • Typically asymptomatic
  • Men: Dysuria; Profuse, purulent urethral discharge
  • Women: Vaginal discharge; Dysuria; Frequency of urination; red/swelling; Greenish, yellow purulent exudate
  • Gram-stained smear to identify organism
  • Treatment: Oral dose of cefixime (Suprax)
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8
Q

Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

A
  • Enters the body through breaks in skin or mucous membranes
  • Curable, bacterial
  • Syphilitic lesions on the genitals enhance HIV transmission.
  • Symotnns
    Chancres appear. (Painless indurated lesions )
  • Neurosyphilis causes degeneration of brain with mental deterioration
  • Gummas can produce irreparable damage to bone, liver, or skin.
  • Treatment: Benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin)
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9
Q

Chlamydial Infections (Chlamydia trachomatis)

A
  • Most prevalent bacterial STI in Canada
  • Curable, bacterial
  • Typically asymptomatic
  • Silent disease” Symptoms may be absent or minor.
  • Men: Urethritis; Proctitis ; Epididymitis
  • Women: Cervicitis ; Urethritis; Bartholinitis; Dyspareunia; Menstrual abnormalities
  • Treatment: Doxycycline (Vibramycin), Azithromycin (Zithromax)
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10
Q

Human Papillomavirus Infection (human papillomavirus (HPV))

A
  • Highly contagious
  • Not Curable, Virus
  • Minor trauma causes abrasions for HPV to enter and proliferate into warts.
  • HPV is precursor to cervical cancer
  • Discrete single or multiple growths
  • White to grey and pink-fleshed coloured
  • May form large cauliflower-like masses
  • Primary goal: removal of symptomatic warts
  • Vaccine to prevent cervical cancer, precancerous genital lesion, and genital warts due to HPV
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11
Q

HIV Chronic Phase:

A
  • Even though there might not be symptoms
  • Virus is still streadiy chipping away at the immune system
  • Body steadily declines in T cells
  • Immune problems start when CD4+ T-cell counts drop to below 500 cells/μL.
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11
Q

Genital Herpes (herpes simplex virus (HSV))

A
  • Not curable, Virus
  • Enters through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin during contact with infected persons
  • Persists for life
  • Virus sheds even in absence of lesion.
  • HSV-1 Causes infection above the waist
  • HSV-2 Frequently infects genital tract and perineum
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12
Q

HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus

A
  • RNA virus (retrovirus)
  • HIV-infected individuals can transmit HIV to others within a few days after becoming infected.
  • Fragile virus transmitted only through contact with body fluids (Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk)
  • HIV targets CD4 cells
  • CD4: helps immune cells communicate
  • When the body gets infected, it also replicates the HIV virus while trying to replicate immune cells
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13
Q

AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A
  • Immune system severely compromised due to HIV
  • Great risk for opportunistic disease
  • T cells in HIV fall under 200mm3
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14
Q

Obesity BMI

A

BMI of 30–40 kg/m2 classified as obese
BMI of more than 40 kg/m2 classified as morbidly obese

15
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

Collection of risk factors that increase an individual’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus

15
Q

GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A
  • Syndrome of symptoms caused by reflux of gastric contents up into the lower esophagus causing irritation, inflammation, even erosion of esophagus
  • Caused: Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, Hiatal Hernia, Delayed Gastric emptying
  • To neutralize stomach acid: Antacids like Mylanta, Rolaids, tums
  • Reduce acid production: H2 receptor blockers
16
Q

Cirrhosis

A
  • A chronic progressive disease of the liver
  • Characterized by fibrosis (scar tissue) and conversion of normal liver architecture to abnormal nodules
    result in decreased functioning of the liver.
  • Liver cells attempt to regenerate. Regenerative process is disorganized
16
Q

Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed if an individual has three or more of the above conditions:

A

-increase waist circumference
-high HDL cholesterol levels
-hypertension
-abnormal fasting glucose level

17
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Insufficient circulating hormone
  • Primary: destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis
  • Secondary: related to pituitary diseases with decreases TSH secretion
    Iodine deficiency is most common cause worldwide

Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Eltroxin)
- Must take regularly
- Monitor for angina and cardiac dysrhythmias

18
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the Liver
  • The only definitive way to distinguish among the various forms of viral hepatitis is by the presence of viral antigens and the subsequent development of antibodies to them
  • Urine darkens because excess bilirubin is excreted.
  • Hepatitis B: DNA virus (the rest are RN)
19
Q

Delirium

A
  • A state of temporary but acute mental confusion
  • A possible symptom of a serious medical condition
  • Often the result of the interaction of the patient’s underlying condition with a precipitating event.
20
Q

Hyperactive Delirium

A

may include restlessness (for example, pacing), agitation, rapid mood changes or hallucinations, and refusal to cooperate with care

21
Q

Hypoactive Delirium

A

This may include inactivity or reduced motor activity, sluggishness, abnormal drowsiness, or seeming to be in a daze.

22
Q

Mixed Delirium

A

This includes both hyperactive and hypoactive signs and symptoms. The person may quickly switch back and forth from hyperactive to hypoactive states.

THE EXAM (16 decks)

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