Med Nursing

Question 1

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 1

• Chronic inflammation found in the airways, lung parenchyma (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli), and pulmonary blood vessels
• persistent airflow limitation
• an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases.
• chronic air trapping + high Co2

Question 2

ischemia

Answer 2

blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.

Question 3

Inspiration – expiration ratio in COPD

Answer 3

1:2 to 1:3 or 1:4

Question 4

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 4

• one of the types of COPD “blue bloater”
• long-term inflammation of the bronchi
• Cyanotic dur to inflammation of bronchi
• Excessive mucus production

Question 4

Emphysema

Answer 4

• one of the types of COPD “Pink puffer”
• damage to the walls of the alveoli in your lungs
• Loss of lung elasticity and lung inflation
• Loss of lung tissue recoil = air trapping in lungs

the inner walls of the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange

Question 5

Cor pulmonale

Answer 5

• (Right-Sided Heart Failure) Cor pulmonale is an enlarged right ventricle in your heart
• Dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic cor pulmonale due to hyperinflation of the lungs in COPD
• complication of COPD

Question 5

Pneumonia

Answer 5

infection of lower respiratory tract – significant mortality and morbidity common.

Question 6

Asthma

Answer 6

• Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
• Causes airway hyper-responsiveness leading to sneezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough
  1) Swelling causing narrow airway
  2) extra mucus causing clogged airway
  3) tightening of muscles (bronchoconstriction)

Question 6

COPD Risk of high oxygen

Answer 6

• COPD patients are chronic CO2 retainers
• Normally CO2 is the primary drive for respiration
• If respiratory drive is dependent of hypoxic situations then inhaling high Fi02 causes hypoventilation and hypercarbia
• They are prone to oxygen induced hypoventilation (receiving high levels of O2 can affect ventilation-to-perfusion balance in lungs)
• Meaning we need to keep their SpO2 at 85-90%

adapted to higher levels of CO2 in body and chemoreceptors don’t work. Stimulated to breathe by decreased O2. If excess O2 is delivered they don’t have the stimulus to breathe. Their brain doesn’t get the message to breathe. People with COPD have lower oxygen. Common range is 88-92%

Question 7

Pneumothorax

Answer 7

Presence of air in the pleural space

Question 8

Pleural effusion

Answer 8

is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity

Question 8

Empyema

Answer 8

pleural effusion that contains pus

Question 9

Tuberculosis

Answer 9

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spread via airborne droplets when infected person coughs, speaks, sneezes, sings

Question 10

Peripheral Artery Disease

Answer 10

Progressive narrowing & degeneration of arteries of neck, abdomen & extremities

Question 11

Atheroclerosis

Answer 11

Characterized by a focal deposit of cholesterol and lipids, primarily within the intimal wall of the artery. Causes narrowing, hardening

Question 11

Aneurysm

Answer 11

Loss of elasticity of media layer of arterial wall causing thinning and bulging of aortic wall

Question 12

Venus statis

Answer 12

values or leg muscles aren’t working properly to move the blood back to heart

Question 12

Anemia

Answer 12

A Deficiency in:
- Number of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs])
- Quantity or quality of hemoglobin
- Volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit)

Question 12

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 12

three contributing factors predict formation of thrombosis
1) venous stasis
2) damage to endothelium
3) hyper coagulability of blood

Question 12

Chronic Venus insufficiency

Answer 12

values don’t work so backward flowing and increased pressure

Question 13

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 13

total blood flow through the systemic or pulmonary circulation per minute.

CO can be described as stroke volume (SV, or the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat [~70 mL]) multiplied by the heart rate (HR) for 1 minute.

Question 14

Hypertension

Answer 14

Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or
Diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or

Question 15

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 15

is the force opposing the movement of blood within the blood vessels.

Question 16

BP = ___ + ____

Answer 16

CO + SVR