Little Bits and Bobs 1

Question 1

Freud

Answer 1

The id is a part of the unconscious that contains all the urges and impulses, including what is called the libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that is used for everything from survival instincts to appreciation of art.

ego is the rational part of the psyche that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego, operating primarily at the conscious level

superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards.

Question 2

Moral Distress

Answer 2

The care that the RPN is responsible for providing is against their personal morals. Refusing to care for this client is an example of moral distress for the psychiatric nurse.

occurs when one is unable to act on one’s moral choices because of internal or external constraints

Question 3

Moral uncertainty

Answer 3

a feeling of indecisiveness while being unsure of what the moral problem is.

when a nurse identifies a problem but is unsure of the ethically correct actions

Question 4

Moral dissonance

Question 5

Moral fatigue

Answer 5

occurs when the RPN must observe policy over personal choice.

Question 6

Moral dilemma

Answer 6

a conflict in which one feels a moral obligation to act but must choose between incompatible alternatives.

Question 7

Principlism

Answer 7

Nonmaleficence: that one should do no harm
Beneficence: one should do or attempt to do good and make things better for others when we can
Respect for autonomy: an obligation to respect a person’s right to be self-governing
Justice: fairness in the distribution of benefits and risk

Question 8

Virtue

Answer 8

Having the sensitivity, imagination, and experience to do what is ethically fitting in difficult situations.
Virtue Ethics refer to specific character traits: i.e. truthfulness, honesty, integrity, courage, kindness, compassion, fairness.

Question 8

Deontology

Answer 8

Kantian ethics : duty or obligation as the basis of doing right.
Using reason alone to determine how to act in a given situation
an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good
uses rules to distinguish right from wrong

Question 9

Utilitarianism

Answer 9

What is right to do is what gives the best consequences for the greatest number of people.

Question 10

Casuistry

Answer 10

agreement about cases, not necessarily principles or theories, and precedents are central to this approach
past decicisions about right/wrong go towards future decisions

Question 11

Meta-communication

Answer 11

“communication about communication” (Gregory Bateson); also known as secondary communication.
communication that tells us how a message is to be interpreted.
consists of all the non-verbal cues (vocal tone, rate of speech, body language, body movement, facial expression, etc.).

Question 11

Paralanguage

Answer 11

vocal message such as voice or speech tone, emphasis, speed, pitch, volume, use of pauses and filters like “you know” “um” and so forth

Question 12

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 12

Age developed: Birth to 18 months
Conflict faced: Because we’re completely helpless at this age, we depend on others to care for us and love us. If we receive good care and love, we learn to trust and will generally feel safe and secure in the world. If we don’t receive good care and love, we struggle to trust and will generally feel fearful of the world.

Question 13

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 13

Age developed: 19 to 40 years
Conflict faced: If we develop close, committed relationships in our early adulthood, our lifelong relationships are more likely to be enduring and secure. Because each stage of development builds upon the others, the ability to form strong relationships is closely tied to whether or not we developed a strong sense of self in our teen years. Those without a strong sense of self are more likely to have less-committed relationships and suffer isolation and loneliness.

Question 14

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 14

Age developed: 2 to 3 years
Conflict faced: If we successfully complete toilet training and are allowed to gain more control over food choices, toy preferences, etc., we will develop autonomy and generally feel more secure and confident. If we fail to gain autonomy in these years, we will generally feel more shame and doubt.

Question 15

Identity vs. Confusion

Answer 15

Age developed: 12 to 18 years
Conflict faced: In our teenage years, we can receive affirmation of our ideals, values, and sense of self or we can receive various forms of derision and rejection. Those who have their sense of self positively reinforced develop stronger feelings of independence and control. Those who don’t receive positive reinforcement end up with more insecurity and remain confused about themselves and their future.

Question 15

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 15

Age developed: 3 to 5 years
Conflict faced: In this stage, we learn to assert ourselves in social settings. If we succeed, we will develop initiative and generally feel more capable. If we fail, we’ll generally be left with more guilt and self-doubt.

Question 15

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 15

Age developed: 6 to 11 years
Conflict faced: If we’re encouraged to improve our abilities and if our accomplishments are commended, we’re likely to develop a sense of confidence. If we’re discouraged and/or ridiculed by parents, teachers, or peers, we’re more likely to doubt our abilities.

Question 16

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 16

Age developed: 40 to 65 years
Conflict faced: If we succeed in building a good and productive life, we’re likely to feel like we’re contributing to the world. If we fail to build a good and productive life, we’re likely to feel uninvolved in the world.

Question 17

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 17

Age developed: 65 years to death
Conflict faced: In our later years, we tend to look back on life. If we can develop a sense of pride in our accomplishments, we’re likely to feel satisfied. If we fail to develop this pride, we’re likely to feel our life has been wasted.