Bits and Bobs 4

Question 1

Hematemesis

Answer 1

vomiting blood

Question 2

ADH

Answer 2

• A high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine (causes the kidneys to retain more water).
• A low level results in greater urine production.
• caffeine/alcohol (increases dieresis [urine formation]. Alcohol decreases ADH.

Question 3

Hemoptysis

Answer 3

– bloody sputum, the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes

Question 4

Wernicke encephalopathy

Answer 4

• an acute neurological condition characterized by a clinical triad of
• ophthalmoparesis [paralysis/weakness of eye muscles] with nystagmus [rapid movement of eye],
• ataxia (loss of control of motor movement)
• confusion.
• This is a life-threatening illness caused by thiamine deficiency,

Question 5

Orthopnea

Answer 5

sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing. must use multiple pillows when lying down or bend over to breathe ‘positional breathing’

Question 6

Folic Acid

Answer 6

helps your body make red blood cells. If you don’t have enough red blood cells, you have anemia

Question 7

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 7

“wet brain”
-caused by deficiency is B1/folic acid
- brain and memory disorde
- Untreated, Wernicke encephalopathy develops into Korsakoff syndrome
- causes severe memory loss and the inability to form new memories
- (chronic) alcohol use irritates your stomach and digestive tract. It also interferes with your body’s ability to absorb vitamins (malabsorption).

Question 8

Kussmaul breathing

Answer 8

• fast, deep breaths that occur in response to metabolic acidosis. (Acidosis isa condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.)

Question 9

Peak concentration

Answer 9

the highest effective concentration reached after medication is administered

Question 9

Trough concentration

Answer 9

minimum blood serum concentration before next scheduled dose

Question 10

STAT med

Answer 10

Given immediately in an emergency
have up to 90 minutes to administer the medication. Not life threatening, but still urgent. Dose of IV antibiotics

Question 11

Edema

Answer 11

an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Can be caused with increase of venous pressure. preventing the normal movement of water from the interstitial space into the intravascular space

Question 11

Sensible water loss

Answer 11

includes water loss through typical routes of excretion such as urine and feces

Question 12

Infiltration

Answer 12

fluid is leaking into the surrounding tissue.

• swelling in chest, neck or extremity with CVAD;
• pain, burning or stinging during infusion;
• changes in skin color, blanching bruising or redness on extremity with CVAD;
• tight-feeling, taut skin;
• changes in skin temperature on extremity with CVAD;
• numbness, tingling;
• fluid leaking from insertion site;
• slow capillary refill;
• impaired ability to move fingers, hand or extremity, blisters

Question 13

Phlebitis

Answer 13

• inflammation of the endothelial cells of the vessel
• Pain at access site with erythema and/or edema;
• streak formation;
• palpable venous cord >2.54 cm (1 in) in length;
• purulent drainage

Question 14

Venous thrombosis

Answer 14

clot
* pain in extremity with CVAD or shoulder, chest or neck;
* edema in extremity, shoulder or neck;
* erythema in extremity;
* engorged peripheral veins on extremity shoulder neck or chest wall;
* difficulty moving neck or extremity

Question 15

Fred Development Stages

Answer 15

1. Oral (0-1.5) –> smoking, overeating
2. Anal (1.5-3)–> orderliness messiness
3. Phallic (3-6) –> deviancy, sexual dysfunciton
4. Latency (6-puberty) –> none
5. Genitals (12+) –>you’re a fine adult

Question 16

Atypical Antipsychotics near transmitters

Answer 16

Atypical: blocks serotonin and dopamine, treats +/- sym,

Question 17

Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)

Answer 17

Slow down body activity, reduces activity in neurons

Question 18

what is tardive dyskinesia caused by

Answer 18

chronic exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents

Question 19

Anticholinergic Side Effects with antipsychotics

Answer 19

• High Potency antipsychotics have high risk of EPS and low anticholinergic effect (haloperidol)
• Low Potency antipsychotics have low risk of EPS and high anticholinergic effect (chlorpromazine)

Question 20

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
treatment drug

Answer 20

NMS is Hypodopaminergic state (severe low dopamine)
so use bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)

Question 21

Anticholinergic Crisis

Answer 21

• Hot as A Hare: hot, dry , flushed skin
• Blind as a bat: unreactive dilated pupils, blurred vision
• Mad as a hatter: confusion, disorientation, recent memory loss, agitation, incoherent speech, pressured speech, paranoia, delusions, anxiety, hallucination accompanied by picking or grasping motions.
• Dry as a bone: dry mucous membranes, difficulty swallowing

Treatment is stomach pump or charcoal

Question 22

Depression is thought to be caused by

Answer 22

deficiency of norepinephrine (NE) and/or serotonin (5HT)