med final s2 Flashcards by Briana Lindsey

pernicious anemia

body cant absorb enough vitamin B12 and has less RBCs

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whats the minimum output of healthy kidneys in ml?

120-150 min

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common causes/sources of UTIs (3):

bacteria (e coli)
poor hygiene
sexual activity

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acute glomerulonephritis can be cause by untreated _

infection (strep throat, lupus)

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glycosuria

sugar in urine

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renal pelvis (part of kidney) receives urine from the _

renalcalyces

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immunity

body’s ability to fight infections and diseases

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non specific immunity

body’s natural defense system

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edema

swelling bc of the fluid trapped in body’s tissues

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antigens

foreign substance that triggers body’s immune response

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allergens

substance that causes allergic reaction

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antibodies

proteins that respond to antigens

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mucus

slimy substance that protects, lubricates, and removes dirt from body

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tonsils

small tissue masses in back of throat on each side that fight infections

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_ glands secrete thru ducts

exocrine

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_ glands secrete directly into the interstitial fluid and into the blood

endocrine

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_ is secreted thru the pineal gland –> biological clock (sleep + wake pattern)

melatonin

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fight or flight response/syndrome =

body prepares to fight or flee in scary situations

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actions for flight or fight derive from which gland?

adrenal

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explain the relevance of islets of langerhans and diabetes mellitus

islets of langerhans produce insulin
diabetes mellitus is when the body doesnt have enough insulin

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master gland of body

pituitary gland

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_ signals to the pituitary gland for hormone secretion

hypothalamus

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thyroid dysfunction –> hypothyroidism s/s (controls growth)

fatigue and weakness
weight gain or hard time losing weight
cold intolerance
dry skin and hair
constipation
muscular aches

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depression s/s

sadness, loneliness, emptiness, apatite loss, weight change, energy loss, feeling guilty

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red flags of depression

thoughts of death, sudden behavior changes, sudden hopelessness

anxiety s/s

restlessness, fast breathing, feeling dizzy, excessive worry, muscle tension, can stay asleep, fast hr, situation avoidance, chest pain

red flags or anxiety

panic attacks, substance abuse, fainting

nephr/o

kidney

-oxia

oxygen

hypo-

low

hyper-

above

hem/o

blood

bells palsy

paralysis in half of face

meningitis

meninges inflammation (membrane of spinal cord and brain swell)

concussion

brain injury from brain fastly shaking in skull

multiple sclerosis

immune system attacks brain and spinal cord nerves --> muscle dysfunction

hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel in brain leaks and brain bleeds

ischemic stroke

blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain

rheumatoid arthritis

joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased function

systemic lupus

body attacks healthy tissues

non-hodgkin lymphoma

lymph cancer and no Reed-Steinberg cells

hodgkin lymphoma

lymph cancer and has Reed-Steinberg cells

polycystic kidney disease

fluid filled cysts grow in kidneys and they swell and lose function

GERD

gastroesophageal reflex disease, stomach acid flows up

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome, large intestine issues

hiatal hernia

stomach pushes diaphragm thru chest area

_ is a structure of the nervous and endocrine systems

the hypothalamus

L1 spinal injury

legs paralyze, trouble using bathroom

C6 spinal injury

trunk and legs cant move

C1-C3 spinal injury

neck down paralysis or breathing trouble

T6 spinal injury

waist and below paralysis

C4 spinal injury

shoulders down paralysis

afferent nerve

sensory

efferent nerve

motor

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers

dendrites conduct messages in the direction _ the cell body

towards

autonomic nervous system

peripheral nervous system --> autonomic nervous system --> sympathetic (fight or flight) or parasympathetic (rest and digest)

GI Tract other names

gastrointestinal tract alimentary canal

alimentary canal

GI tract

large intestine top 3 functions

absorbs water and electrolytes produce and absorb vitamins propell feces to rectum

liver top 3 functions

clear blood or foreign substances regulate blood clotting makes bile

salivary amylase (enzyme) begins chemical digestion of _

carbs

function of bile

breaks down fat into fatty acids which help with digestion

how is hepatitis A transmitted?

eating or drinking it

cirrhosis primary cause

alcohol

cirrhosis other causes

hepatitis liver diseases

presence of H Pylori bacteria in GI -->

dmg to stomach tissue and first part in small intestine (duodenum)

what vitamin is needed for absorption of Calcium?

vitamin D

what vitamin is critical for brain function and is used in prenatal vitamins to prevent spina?

vitamin B9 (folic acid)

what vitamin promotes healing and health tissues?

vitamin C

a deficiency in this vitamin results in pernicious anemia

B12 (cobalamin)

the alimentary canal is located in which body system?

digestive system

which enzyme breaks down, or emulsifies fats, into a soluble/digestible size?

bile

salivary glands secrete amylase which is an enzyme for breaking down which nutrient?

carbohydrate

GERD can be experienced shortly after eating. what is it known as?

heartburn

excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, and a fast food based diet are all contributors to which destructive liver condition?

cirrhosis

H Pylori bacterium in the GI tract can lead to which condition?

ulcers

all of the following are true about the liver except: (detoxifies, produces insulin, stores sugar as glycogen)

produces insulin

which structure of the GI tract absorbs water, synthesizes bacteria, and transports waste products?

large intestine

what is a calculus?

a solid mass

which of the following means "sugar in the urine"

glycosuria

peristalsis is a movement in the urinary and digestive systems created by which type of muscle?

smooth

which tubes carry urine away from the kidneys?

ureters

kidneys primarily filter which liquid substance of our body?

blood

nephr/o means

kidney

ren/o means

kidney

which specific structure within the kidney is responsible for the formation of the liquid waste known as urine?

nephrons

what's the minimum output of urine by healthy kidneys?

30 ml per hour

whats the normal color of urine?

clear to straw color

medical term for sensory nerves

afferent

what substances are chemicals that allow for neurotransmission, such as Dopamine or Serotonin, in the nervous system

neurotransmitters

Our automatic "fight or flight" response is triggered by which part of the nervous system AND which hormone?

Sympathetic & Adrenaline/Epinephrine

There are various types of strokes, or CVAs. Which has a vessel rupture associated with it?

Hemorrhagic

There are various types of strokes, or CVAs. Which has blocked/occluded circulation associated with it?

Ischemic

Inflammation of the linings of the brain & spinal cord is known as

Meningitis

What level of paralysis may occur if there is spinal cord damage in the lumbar region?

Paraplegia

Which of the following is true about spinal injuries involving C1-C3?

they are usually fatal

Concussions are serious and patients need to be monitored. If pupils are unequal, what could this indicate?

Hypoxia to the brain due to a hematoma

What are common medical treatments for a person after suffering from a concussion?

Bed rest, mental rest, and monitor vital signs & symptoms

Which structure of a neuron sends/conducts messages towards the cell body?

Dendrites

The autonomic nervous system involves what type of responses?

Involuntary

What is the term for accumulation of lymphatic fluid causing swelling in the tissues?

Edema

What do antigens do in our immune system?

Substances that trigger an immune response & the production of antibodies

Which auto-immune condition can cause inflammation in various systems and cause symptoms such as joint pain, rashes, chest pain, and extreme fatigue?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Which auto-immune disease can cause inflammation in connective tissues, especially joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Which organ is part of both the endocrine and nervous system, sitting just above the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which of the endocrine glands is known as the "master gland" as it regulates other glands?

Pituitary

The islets of Langerhans are found in which structure? Hint: it helps to release hormones that provide the body with the capability to utilize the glucose we consume

Pancreas