med final s2 Flashcards
pernicious anemia
body cant absorb enough vitamin B12 and has less RBCs
whats the minimum output of healthy kidneys in ml?
120-150 min
common causes/sources of UTIs (3):
bacteria (e coli)
poor hygiene
sexual activity
acute glomerulonephritis can be cause by untreated _
infection (strep throat, lupus)
glycosuria
sugar in urine
renal pelvis (part of kidney) receives urine from the _
renalcalyces
immunity
body’s ability to fight infections and diseases
non specific immunity
body’s natural defense system
edema
swelling bc of the fluid trapped in body’s tissues
antigens
foreign substance that triggers body’s immune response
allergens
substance that causes allergic reaction
antibodies
proteins that respond to antigens
mucus
slimy substance that protects, lubricates, and removes dirt from body
tonsils
small tissue masses in back of throat on each side that fight infections
_ glands secrete thru ducts
exocrine
_ glands secrete directly into the interstitial fluid and into the blood
endocrine
_ is secreted thru the pineal gland –> biological clock (sleep + wake pattern)
melatonin
fight or flight response/syndrome =
body prepares to fight or flee in scary situations
actions for flight or fight derive from which gland?
adrenal
explain the relevance of islets of langerhans and diabetes mellitus
islets of langerhans produce insulin
diabetes mellitus is when the body doesnt have enough insulin
master gland of body
pituitary gland
_ signals to the pituitary gland for hormone secretion
hypothalamus
thyroid dysfunction –> hypothyroidism s/s (controls growth)
fatigue and weakness
weight gain or hard time losing weight
cold intolerance
dry skin and hair
constipation
muscular aches
depression s/s
sadness, loneliness, emptiness, apatite loss, weight change, energy loss, feeling guilty
red flags of depression
thoughts of death, sudden behavior changes, sudden hopelessness
anxiety s/s
restlessness, fast breathing, feeling dizzy, excessive worry, muscle tension, can stay asleep, fast hr, situation avoidance, chest pain
red flags or anxiety
panic attacks, substance abuse, fainting
nephr/o
kidney
-oxia
oxygen
hypo-
low
hyper-
above
hem/o
blood
bells palsy
paralysis in half of face
meningitis
meninges inflammation (membrane of spinal cord and brain swell)
concussion
brain injury from brain fastly shaking in skull
multiple sclerosis
immune system attacks brain and spinal cord nerves –> muscle dysfunction
hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel in brain leaks and brain bleeds
ischemic stroke
blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain
rheumatoid arthritis
joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased function
systemic lupus
body attacks healthy tissues
non-hodgkin lymphoma
lymph cancer and no Reed-Steinberg cells
hodgkin lymphoma
lymph cancer and has Reed-Steinberg cells
polycystic kidney disease
fluid filled cysts grow in kidneys and they swell and lose function
GERD
gastroesophageal reflex disease, stomach acid flows up
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome, large intestine issues
hiatal hernia
stomach pushes diaphragm thru chest area
_ is a structure of the nervous and endocrine systems
the hypothalamus
L1 spinal injury
legs paralyze, trouble using bathroom
C6 spinal injury
trunk and legs cant move
C1-C3 spinal injury
neck down paralysis or breathing trouble
T6 spinal injury
waist and below paralysis
C4 spinal injury
shoulders down paralysis
afferent nerve
sensory
efferent nerve
motor
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
dendrites conduct messages in the direction _ the cell body
towards
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system –> autonomic nervous system –> sympathetic (fight or flight) or parasympathetic (rest and digest)
GI Tract other names
gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal
alimentary canal
GI tract
large intestine top 3 functions
absorbs water and electrolytes
produce and absorb vitamins
propell feces to rectum
liver top 3 functions
clear blood or foreign substances
regulate blood clotting
makes bile
salivary amylase (enzyme) begins chemical digestion of _
carbs
function of bile
breaks down fat into fatty acids which help with digestion
how is hepatitis A transmitted?
eating or drinking it
cirrhosis primary cause
alcohol
cirrhosis other causes
hepatitis
liver diseases
presence of H Pylori bacteria in GI –>
dmg to stomach tissue and first part in small intestine (duodenum)
what vitamin is needed for absorption of Calcium?
vitamin D
what vitamin is critical for brain function and is used in prenatal vitamins to prevent spina?
vitamin B9 (folic acid)
what vitamin promotes healing and health tissues?
vitamin C
a deficiency in this vitamin results in pernicious anemia
B12 (cobalamin)
the alimentary canal is located in which body system?
digestive system
which enzyme breaks down, or emulsifies fats, into a soluble/digestible size?
bile
salivary glands secrete amylase which is an enzyme for breaking down which nutrient?
carbohydrate
GERD can be experienced shortly after eating. what is it known as?
heartburn
excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, and a fast food based diet are all contributors to which destructive liver condition?
cirrhosis
H Pylori bacterium in the GI tract can lead to which condition?
ulcers
all of the following are true about the liver except: (detoxifies, produces insulin, stores sugar as glycogen)
produces insulin
which structure of the GI tract absorbs water, synthesizes bacteria, and transports waste products?
large intestine
what is a calculus?
a solid mass
which of the following means “sugar in the urine”
glycosuria
peristalsis is a movement in the urinary and digestive systems created by which type of muscle?
smooth
which tubes carry urine away from the kidneys?
ureters
kidneys primarily filter which liquid substance of our body?
blood
nephr/o means
kidney
ren/o means
kidney
which specific structure within the kidney is responsible for the formation of the liquid waste known as urine?
nephrons
what’s the minimum output of urine by healthy kidneys?
30 ml per hour
whats the normal color of urine?
clear to straw color
medical term for sensory nerves
afferent
what substances are chemicals that allow for neurotransmission, such as Dopamine or Serotonin, in the nervous system
neurotransmitters
Our automatic “fight or flight” response is triggered by which part of the nervous system AND which hormone?
Sympathetic & Adrenaline/Epinephrine
There are various types of strokes, or CVAs. Which has a vessel rupture associated with it?
Hemorrhagic
There are various types of strokes, or CVAs. Which has blocked/occluded circulation associated with it?
Ischemic
Inflammation of the linings of the brain & spinal cord is known as
Meningitis
What level of paralysis may occur if there is spinal cord damage in the lumbar region?
Paraplegia
Which of the following is true about spinal injuries involving C1-C3?
they are usually fatal
Concussions are serious and patients need to be monitored. If pupils are unequal, what could this indicate?
Hypoxia to the brain due to a hematoma
What are common medical treatments for a person after suffering from a concussion?
Bed rest, mental rest, and monitor vital signs & symptoms
Which structure of a neuron sends/conducts messages towards the cell body?
Dendrites
The autonomic nervous system involves what type of responses?
Involuntary
What is the term for accumulation of lymphatic fluid causing swelling in the tissues?
Edema
What do antigens do in our immune system?
Substances that trigger an immune response & the production of antibodies
Which auto-immune condition can cause inflammation in various systems and cause symptoms such as joint pain, rashes, chest pain, and extreme fatigue?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Which auto-immune disease can cause inflammation in connective tissues, especially joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which organ is part of both the endocrine and nervous system, sitting just above the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Which of the endocrine glands is known as the “master gland” as it regulates other glands?
Pituitary
The islets of Langerhans are found in which structure? Hint: it helps to release hormones that provide the body with the capability to utilize the glucose we consume
Pancreas
