history final 1 Flashcards
4 River Valley
Civilizations
Egypt, China, Indus and Mesopotamian
During the renaissance, Christians grew impatient with the
corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther and
the 95 theses.
The Protestant
Reformation
The spirit of the renaissance led scientists to explore new
knowledge, changing the views of the universe, establishing
the scientific method, and many more scientific breakthroughs.
The Scientific Revolution
A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful lords
divided their land holdings among lesser lords that pledged
service and loyalty to the greater lord.
Feudalism
Thoughts and ideas that caused people to want freedoms,
democracy, social contracts and a government that respects
the citizens
The Enlightenment
Forced rule by the British. Indian citizens suffered greatly from famine due to the lack of food production
Colonization of India
Group of Dutch colonizers who started the Cape Colony in
South Africa
The Boers
The blank formed one of a three legged
international trade network between Europe, Africa, and the
Americas.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Ensured the superiority of parliament over the monarchy. A
result of the Glorious Revolution. Also gave rights to English
citizens such as trial by jury.
English Bill of Rights
Japan’s attempts to westernize and become an imperial
powerhouse
Meiji Rule
_, or rights that belong to all human beings from birth. Life, liberty, and property.
Natural Rights
Hobbes - People entered into a “blank”, where they
gave up certain freedoms for an organized society. (Absolute
Monarchy)
Social Contract
One of many taxes passed by parliament on the Colonies, this
one taxed items such as newspapers and pamphlets.
Stamp Act
To prevent any one branch of government from becoming too
powerful. Three branches of government, Legislative,
Executive, Judicial.
Checks and Balances
During the French Revolution, the blank, which
existed from 17 June 1789 to 30 September 1791, was a
revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the
Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter it was known as
the blank, although the shorter form
was favored.
National Assembly
September 1793 to July 1794, Revolutionary courts conducted
hasty trials. 300,000 arrested, 17,000 executed, in order to
“protect the revolution and its goals.”
Reign of Terror
Popular military hero who won a series of brilliant military
victories against Austria in Italy. Later became ruler and
emperor of France, with the goal of European domination.
Napoleon Bonaparte
After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, diplomats and heads
of state from around Europe met to outline how they could put
Europe back together, creating lasting peace by establishing a
balance of power (limiting France’s power) and protecting the
monarchy.
Congress of Vienna
The first step of the National Assembly towards writing a
constitution, similar to the declaration of independence. Equal
rights (for men), natural rights, fair trial
Declaration of the
Rights of Man
Monarchs' idea that their right to rule came directly from God.
Divine Right
A system of government in which the ruler has complete
authority over the government and lives of the people.
Absolute Monarchy
Inherits the throne at age 5, the Sun King, “I am the State”,
Absolute monarch, divine right to rule, Royal Palace at
Versailles
Louis XIV
Improved quality and quantity of farming products allowed for
large amounts of food to be farmed with less labor needed.
Reclaimed soil, crop rotation, enclosure, combining fields.
Agricultural Revolution
- Natural resources and geography, 2. Labor and Capital, 3.
Entrepreneurs and Inventors, 4. A Favorable climate for
business
Why did the Industrial
Revolution start in Britain?
(4 factors of production)
The movement of people to cities. In this case for jobs in factories because of Agricultural revolution.
Urbanization
Long hours, dangerous work, little pay, unclean working
environment, women and children exploited for cheap labor.
Harsh conditions in
factories and mines
Enlightenment thinker, Author of the “The Wealth of Nations”,
favored “Laissez-faire” economics (hands off), and argued that
a free market, or unregulated goods and services would come
to help everyone, not just the rich.
Adam Smith & the free
market
The people as a whole rather than the individual would own and operate the means of production.
Socialism
German philosopher, Marxist theory, written in the pamphlet,
“The Communist Manifesto”, claimed communism would bring
a classless society in which the means of production would be
owned in common for the good of all. (Government owns and
regulates means of production)
Karl Marx & communism
Blank made large blank construction
possible. Tracks could go where rivers did not. Faster, cheaper,
and larger quantities of goods could be moved.
The steam locomotive
and railroads
Multistory buildings divided into apartments.
Tenements
Workers on a _ add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one workstation to the next.
Assembly Line
Systems of thought and belief. (Many effected Europe during this period)
Ideologies
An outgrowth of the enlightenment. Pride, belief and connection with one’s country and those living in it.
Nationalism
Chinese attempt to kick out the Westerners
Boxer Rebellion
Self rule
Autonomy
people who favor extreme change
Radicals
The belief in complete or unrestricted power in the government
Absolutism
European race to colonize and imperialize Africa for its labor
and natural resources
Scramble for Africa
A young Creole, traveled in Europe and was inspired by ideas
of the Enlightenment, ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
Led the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire.
Simon Bolivar
Haiti (French), Dominican Republic (Spanish). Haiti was full o
profitable sugar plantations, slaves (and land) was overworked
and underfed. Fought and won independence in 1820. Became
an independent Republic
Haitian Independence
Father Miguel Hidalgo and Father Jose Morelos helped to
inspire and lead the charge for independence from Spain. In
1820 they forced the king to issue a constitution (limiting
power) and in 1821 Mexicans overthrew the Spanish Viceroy.
Mexico Wins
Independence
From Prussia’s Junker class, conservative landowning nobles.
Was a Prussian diplomat, then prime minister to King William,
later, Chancellor of Germany. Highest official of a united
Germany.
Otto Von Bismarck
England took control of Ireland and charged them heavy taxes.
They also exported goods and food during the potato famine,
and made the Irish (almost all Catholic) pay tithes to the
Anglican Church in England. All of which made the Irish hate
the English.
England’s relationship
with Ireland
After victories in the Franco-Prussian war, princes from
German states in North and South convinced William I of
Prussia to become the “Kaiser” or emperor of a united
Germany. A second “Reich” or empire.
The German Empire is
Created
Prime minister for Victor Emanuel in Italy. Came from a noble
family, but favored liberal goals. Wanted to end Austrian power
in Italy. Monarchist
Camillo Cavour
Wanted to create an Italian republic. With help from Cavour, he led an army to win control of sicily and later Naples.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The longest reign in British history, The _ Age included
ideals such duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability.
Queen Victoria and the
Victorian Age
_ kept the price of grains high in Britain. Repealing
them would increase competition, lower prices, and enable the
poor to buy bread.
Corn Laws
Working conditions improved with the creation of workers
unions. Led to better working hours, better pay, minimum age
requirements, cleaner and safer working environments.
How did working
conditions improve later in
the Industrial Revolution?
