MED 110 Mid Term Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
The study of body function.
2
Q
Cell or Cellular
A
Considered to be the smallest “living” units of structure and function in our body.
3
Q
Anatomical position
A
The standard neutral reference position for the body— used to describe sites or motions of various body parts; gives meaning to directional terms.
4
Q
Distal
A
Toward the end of a structure; opposite of proximal.
5
Q
Transverse Section
A
Horizontal plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
6
Q
Dorsal Cavity
A
Includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
7
Q
Ventral Cavity
A
Organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
8
Q
Diaphragm
A
Membrane or partition that separates one thing from another; the flat muscular sheet that separates the thorax and abdomen and is a major muscle of respiration.
9
Q
Cranial Cavity
A
Space inside the skull that contains the brain.
10
Q
Spinal Cavity
A
The space inside the spinal column through which the spinal cord passes.
11
Q
What cavity are the lungs located in?
A
The thoracic cavity.
12
Q
PH Scale
A
Acid is less than 7 and has a high H*
Base is greater than 7 and has a low H* and a high H-
13
Q
What are the two organs that help maintain the proper PH level of body fluids?
A
Kidneys and Lungs
14
Q
Mitochondria
A
The “power plants” of the cell…is another kind of organelle in all cells.
15
Q
Lysosomes
A
“Digestive Bags” are membranous-walled organelles that in their active stage look like small sacs, often with tiny particles in them.
16
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains most of the cell’s genetic information, which ultimately controls every organelle in the cytoplasm (controls cell reproduction).
17
Q
Flagella
A
A single projection extending from the cell surface; the only example in humans is the “tail” of the male sperm.
18
Q
Osmosis
A
The solute albumin cannot cross the semipermeable membrane, but water can. The resulting movement of water (only) produces equilibration of the solutions, as water moves away from the side where it is most abundant and toward the solution with more solute particles. Osmosis also causes a shift in fluid volume and pressure (osmotic pressure).
19
Q
Filtration
A
The movement of water and solutes through a membrane as a result of a pushing force that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other side (example: blood pressure, in which blood pushes against vessel walls).
20
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Comes from word parts that mean “process of cell eating”. This process permits a cell to engulf and literally “eat” relatively large particles (i.e. bacteria and chunks of debris from tissue damage).
21
Q
Cytoplasm
A
The living substance that exists only in cells (internal living material of cells).
22
Q
Interstitial Fluid (IF)
A
This membrane separates the cell contents from the dilute saltwater solution called interstitial fluid, or simply tissue fluid, which bathes every cell in the body.
23
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
Produces movement, muscle tissue can also maintain contraction to provide stability—and even body heat.
Three kinds: Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue.
24
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
Consists of neurons and glia that provide rapid communication and control of the body function.
25
Connective Tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body; has numerous functions.
26
Epithelial Tissue
Covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels; classified according to shape and arrangement.
27
System
Is a group of organs that together perform a more complex function than does one organ.
28
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
Its primary function is protection.
29
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair, nails, and sweat- and oil- producing glands.
30
How many bones are in the human body?
206
31
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
To provide protection and a supporting framework for the brain and other internal organs. Bones also serve as storage areas for important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. The formation of blood cells in the red marrow of certain bones is another crucial function of the skeletal system.
32
What is the name of the muscle that surrounds the heart?
The cardiac muscle.
33
What is the difference between involuntary and voluntary?
Involuntary= Smooth muscles (such as: cardiac) that are not under conscious control and are found in hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestine.
Voluntary=The skeletal muscle.
34
What are the organs for the nervous system?
The brain, nerves, spinal cord and sense organs.
35
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Communication, integration, control, and recognition of sensory stimuli.
36
What do the glands in the endocrine system do?
They provide communication, integration, and control via having a slower but longer-lasting control by hormone secretion. It also controls growth, maintains metabolism, reproduction, and other body activities. It also plays an important role in maintaining fluid and electrolytes balance, and acid-base balance.
37
Organ
Is astructure made up of two or more kinds of tissue and is organized to perform a more complex function than just one type of tissue.
38
Cutaneous Membrane
Or skin, is the primary organ of the integumentary system.
39
Visceral Pleura
The serous membrane that adheres to and covers(lines) the lungs.
40
Parietal Pleura
Serous membrane that lines the walls of the left and right pleural cavities within the (lines the) thoracic cavity.
41
Visceral Peritoneum
Portion of the peritoneum that adheres to and covers organs such as the stomach and intestines.
42
What protects the organs of the abdomen membrane?
Visceral peritoneum
43
Visceral Pericardium
The portion of serous pericardium that adheres to and covers the outside of the heart; also called epicardium.
44
Parietal Pericardium
Outer layer of the serous membrane pericardium surrounding the heart.
45
Parietal Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
46
Bursa
A small, cushion like sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones.
47
Subcutaneous Tissue
Is fat in the subcutaneous layer (under the skin) of tissue that insulates the body from extreme heat and cold. It also serves as a stored source of energy for the body and can be used as a food source if required. In addition the subcutaneous tissue acts as a shock-absorbing pad and helps protect underlying tissues from injury caused by bumps and blows to the body surface.
48
Arrector Pili
The small muscle attached to hair.
49
What is the rule of 9’s?
The 9’s represent the percentage of burns on the body.
50
How many areas is the rule of 9’s broken down in?
11
51
First-degree burn
Causes minor discomfort and some reddening of the skin (example: a typical sunburn). (Partial-thickness burns)
52
Second-Degree Burn
Involves the deep epidermal layers and always causes injury to the upper layers of dermis that can damage sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous gland. Blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling and fluid loss characterizes this type of burn. (Partial-thickness burns)
53
Third-Degree Burns
Is characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis. In addition, tissue death extends below the primary skin layers into the subcutaneous tissue. Third-degree burns often involve underlying muscles and even bone. (Full-thickness burn)
54
Where is the Synovial and what does it do?
The synovial membrane is located where bones are joined together. It secretes a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) that allows easier movement with less friction.
55
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A common type of skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, is a slow-growing malignant tumor of the epidermis. Lesions typical of this form of skin cancer begin as a hard, raised nodule that is usually painless.
56
Basal Cell Carcinoma
The most common type of skin cancer, usually appears on the upper face. Originates in cells at the base of the epidermis.
57
Malignant Melanoma
Is the most serious form of skin cancer. This type of cancer sometimes develops from a benign or noncancerous pigmented mole and then transforms into a dark, spreading cancerous lesion.
58
Kaposi Sarcoma
Is caused by kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).
59
Hematopoiesis
Is used to describe the process of blood formation. “Hemato” = blood and “poiesis” = making. Blood cell formation is a vital process carried in red bone marrow.
60
Skeletal System
Provides support, movement, storage of minerals and blood cell formation.
61
What is the hollow shaft of the long bone?
The diaphysis
62
What is the fibrous membrane covering the shaft of the long bone?
Periosteum
63
What is at the ends of the long bone?
The epiphysis
64
What is bone growth?
Epiphyseal plate
65
True Ribs
Upper 7 pairs attached to sternum by coastal cartilages.
66
False Ribs
Lower 5 pairs; first three pairs are attached to the sternum by coastal cartilage of seventh ribs; lowest two pairs do not attach to sternum, therefore called “floating ribs”.
67
Ulna
One of the two forearm bones; located on the little finger side. Bone on little finger (medial) side of forearm; olecranon—process of ulna known as elbow or “funny bone” (muscles are attached to the coronoid process and to the styloid process).
68
Radius
One of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm. Bone on thumb (lateral) side of forearm (muscles are attached to the radial tuberosity and to the styloid process).
69
Fibula
The slender non-weight-bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg. Long slender bone of lateral side of leg; non-weight-bearing; lateral malleolus—roundd projection at lower end of fibula commonly called outer anklebone.
70
Tibia
Shinbone; medial malleolus—rounded projection at lower end of tibia commonly called inner anklebone; muscles are attached to the tibial tuberosity.
71
Metatarsal
Form part of foot to which toes are attached; tarsal and metatarsal bones arranged so that they form three arches in foot; inner longitudinal arch and outer longitudinal arch, which extend from front to back of foot, and transverse or metatarsal arch, which extends across foot.
72
Tarsal Bones
Form heel and posterior part of foot; anatomical ankle; largest is the calcaneus.
73
Femur
Thigh bone
74
Humerus
Upper arm bone
75
What are the regions of the spine?
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx.
76
Cardiac Muscle
The type of muscle tissue that makes up most of the heart wall.
77
Smooth (Visceral) Muscle
Muscle that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary muscle or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs.
78
Voluntary Muscle
Also known as the Skeletal Muscle; muscle under willed or voluntary control.
79
Origin
A muscle’s attachment to a bone that does not move when it contracts, as distinguished from insertion.
80
Insertion
A muscle’s attachment to a bone that moves when it contracts (as distinguished from its origin).
81
Tendon
A band or cord of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure.
82
Bursae
Small, cushion like sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones.
83
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
The point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers.
84
All or None
Describing a process that occurs at maximum or not at all once it begins. When a muscle fiber is subjected to a threshold stimulus, it contracts completely. On the other hand, if a threshold stimulus is not reached, the muscle will not contract.
85
Iliopsoas
Originates from deep within the pelvis and the lower vertebrae to insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur and capsule of the hip joint. A flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture.
86
Abduction
Moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction.
87
Adduction
Moving toward the midline of the body (or region); opposite of abduction.
88
What does the sternocleidomastoid do, and what does it move?
The two sternocleidomastoid muscles are located on the anterior surface of the neck. They originate on the sternum and then pass up and across the neck to insert on the mastoid process of the skull. Working together, they flex the head on the chest. If only one contracts, the head is both flexed and tilted to the opposite side.
89
What are the two principle divisions that make up the nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
90
Sensory Neuron
Carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons.
91
What does the brain stem include?
Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
92
Hypothalamus
Located below the thalamus. The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the mechanism for maintaining body temperature. In addition, the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of water balance, sleep cycle, control of appetite, many emotions involved in pleasure, fear, anger, sexual arousal, and pain.
93
Cerebellum
The second largest part of the human brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements. These terms sum up the major cerebral functions: consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and willed movements. The cerebral cortex is essential for willed movements, general sensations, vision, hearing, and normal speech.
94
Equilibrium
Balance
95
Dura Mater
Literally “strong or hard mother”; outermost layer of the meninges.
96
Conjuctiva
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the sclera (white portion).
97
Organ of Corti
The organ of hearing located in the cochlea with ciliated sensory receptor cells; also called corti organ or spinal organ.
98
What are the primary taste sensations?
Bitter, salty, sweet, sour, metallic and umami.
99
Olfactory Receptors
The olfactory receptors are extremely sensitive and respond quickly to even very slight odor. However, after a short time they develop a kind of fatigue and lose their ability to respond. The decrease in receptor sensitivity is called adaptation and explains why odors that are at first very noticeable are soon not sensed at all.
100
Cataract
Is when long-time exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight may cause the lens to become hard, lose its transparency, and become “milky” in appearance.
101
Ottis Media
Is a middle ear infection.
102
Glaucoma
Is a disorder characterized by elevated pressure in the eye.
103
Presbyopia
Farsightedness of old age.
104
Oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after the delivery of a baby; thought to initiate and maintain labor, it also causes the release of breast milk into ducts for the baby to suck.
105
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water.
106
Estrogen
Ovarian follicles also secrete estrogen, the “feminizing hormone”. Estrogen is involved in the development and maturation of the breasts and external genitals. This hormone is also responsible for the development of adult female body contours and initiation of the menstrual cycle.
107
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Tropic Hormone.
Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum, stimulates secretion of estrogen, triggers ovulation, stimulates development of corpus luteum (luteinization).
Male: stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.
108
Melatonin
Is an important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the body’s internal clock.
