Final Exam Flashcards
Red Blood Cell (Functions):
Maintains homeostasis, carries oxygen, and buffers blood.
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Anemia
Inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues; caused by:
Inadequate RBC numbers
Deficiency of hemoglobin
Pernicious anemia: Deficiency of vitamin B12
Pernicious Anemia
Deficiency of vitamin B12
White Blood Cells (Function)
All of the WBCs are involved in immunity (body’s defense system).
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Eosinophil (Function)
Protect against parasitic irritants and allergies.
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Thrombus (Definition)
Is when a clot stays in the place where it formed.
Neutrophil’s Secretion
Are the most numerous of the active WBCs called phagocytes, which protect the body from invading microorganisms by taking them into their own cell bodies and digesting them by a process of phagocytosis.
Platelets (Function)
Plays an essential role in blood clotting or (coagulation).
Blood Type O (Characteristics)
No type a or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
Universal Donor Blood Type
O-
Universal Recipient Blood Type
AB+
Heart (Location)
2/3rds to the left of the midline of the sternum, and 1/3rd to the right; the apex of the heart on the diaphragm.
Heart (Features)
Apex, septum, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.
Apex
Blunt point, of the lower edge of the heart that lies on the diaphragm, pointing toward the left.
Interventricular Septum
Separates the ventricles of the heart.
Ductus Arteriosus
Connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing most blood to bypass the fetus’s developing lungs.
Foramen Ovale
Shunts blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium, allowing most blood to bypass the baby’s developing lungs.
Atria (Heart Chambers)
The two smaller upper chambers (also known as receiving chambers) of the heart. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. While the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle.
Ventricle (Heart Chambers)
The two larger lower chambers (also known as discharging chambers) of the heart. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the atrium and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta. While the right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the atrium and pumps it under a low pressure into the lungs.
Endocardium
Inner most layer of the heart.
Epicardium / Visceral Pericardium
Outer most layer of the heart.
Pericardium
Also known as the heart’s covering consists of a two-layered fibrous sac with a small lubricated space in between them. Inner layer= visceral pericardium or epicardium. Outer layer= parietal pericardium.
Myocardium
The wall of each heart chamber that is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
Heart Valves (Location)
The two valves that separate the atrial chambers above from the ventricles below are called atrioventricular (AV) nodes. The left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral) is located between the left atrium and ventricle. The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is located between the right atrium and ventricle.
Bicuspid / Mitral Valve (Function)
Blood passes through the left AV (bicuspid/mitral valve) from the atrium into the left ventricle.
Lub
Is the first sound of the heart caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricles contract (longer and lower pitch than the second).
Superior Vena Cava (Largest Vein in the body)
Receives poor oxygenated blood to be delivered to the right atrium.
Pulmonary Vein
Carries rich oxygenated blood to the left atrium and passes through the left AV into the left ventricle.
Arteries
Subdivide and blood flows into vessels that become progressively smaller arteries until finally it enters tiny arterioles that control blood flow into microscopic exchange vessels called capillaries (carry blood away from the heart).
Veins
Blood exits or is drained from capillary beds and then enters the small venules, which join with the other venules and increase in size becoming veins (blood is carried toward the heart).
Hepatic Portal System
Is a system in blood flows to and through the liver (systemic circulatory route / Detour) and then through a second capillary bed located in the liver.
Left Ventricle (Function)
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced through the aortic SL valve into the aorta and is distributed to the body as a whole.
Conduction System Sequence
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) AV Bundle (Bundle of His) Subendocardial Branches (Purkinje Fibers)
Sinoatrial Node
Also known as the “pacemaker of the heart”.
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with each beat (as determined by the volume of blood returned to the heart by the veins, or venous return). Note: Generally the higher the venous return, the higher the SV.
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute. It averages about 5L in a normal, resting adult. The cardiac output is determined by the heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
Myocadial Infarction (MI)
Heart Attack: When a clot is formed in a vessel, thus cutting off the supply of oxygenated blood to the heart. Deprived of oxygen, the cells soon become damaged or die.
Intercalated Disk
Any of the disk like cell connections that exist between cardiac muscle fibers that can conduct an impulse through the entire wall of a heart chamber without stopping.
Eletrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity obtained by using an electrocardiograph apparatus. A normal ECG tracing has three very characteristic deflections, or waves, called P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
Pulse (9 Major Pulse Point Locations)
3 Pulse points located on each side of the Head and Neck: Superficial Temporal Artery (front of ear). Common Carotid Artery (neck along the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle). Facial Artery (Lower margin of the mandible at the point below the corner of the mouth).
3 Points in the Upper Limb: Axillary (In the armpit) Brachial Artery (At the bend of the elbow along the inner or medial margin of the biceps brachii muscle). Radial Artery (At the wrist).
4 Locations in the Lower Extremity:
Femoral Artery (in the groin).
Popliteal Artery (Behind and just proximal to the knee).
Posterior Tibial Artery (Just behind medial malleolus (inner bump of ankle)).
Dorsalis Pedis (Artery on the front surface of the foot, just below the bend of the ankle joint).
