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Cancer Biology > Mechanisms of Metastasis > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Metastasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the correlation between size of tumor and probability of metastasis

A

larger tumor diameter = larger probability of metastasis

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2
Q

what are the steps to metastasis

A
  1. migration
  2. intravasation
  3. transport
  4. extravasation
  5. metastatic colonization
  6. angiogenesis
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3
Q

list the steps of invasion-metastatic cascade

A
  1. breach of basement membrane
  2. intravasation into blood micro vessels
  3. transportation of cancer cells
  4. cells become trapped
  5. cells extravasate
  6. formation of dormant micro metastasis
  7. macro metastasis formation
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4
Q

metastatic cells travel first to the _____ then to the ____

A

heart
lungs

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5
Q

metastatic cells that arise in the GI tract go to the _____ 1st

A

liver

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6
Q

metastatic cells arising in the lung go to the __________________ and then potentially ______________.

A

right side if the heart

anywhere in the body

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7
Q

integrins regulate…

A
  • tumor cell proliferation
  • survival and migration
  • metastatic spread
  • response to chemo and radiation
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8
Q

what is the function of beta-1 integrins

A

enable attachment of advancing caner cells to the still intact ECM

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9
Q

why do most cancer cells get trapped in blood vessels

A

b/c they are 2x the size of erythrocytes and are not deformable

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10
Q

list the cascade of event of extravasation

A
  1. cell trapped in capillary
  2. formation of microthrombus
  3. cancer pushes endothelial cells exposing basement membrane
  4. microthrombus is dissolved by proteases
  5. proliferation in lumen of capillary
  6. invasion of surrounding tissues
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11
Q

how can micrometastasis be detected

A

by their display of characteristic cell markers

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12
Q

micrometastasis can form a

A

draining node

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13
Q

what is a draining node

A

node that is directly connected w/ primary tumor via lymphatic duct that drains into tissue where tumor originated

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14
Q

what is the characteristic of beta catenin in tumor cells

A

diffused in the core

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15
Q

what is the characteristic of beta catenin in invasive cells

A

found only at the nucleus

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16
Q

beta catenin focused in the nucleus of invasive cells indicates

A

facilitated EMT

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17
Q

MMPs stand for

A

matrix metalloproteases

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18
Q

list some of the functions of MMPs that aid in extravasation

A

degrading ECM
activate GFs

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19
Q

what cleaves collagen fibers

A

carcinoma cells & fibroblasts

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20
Q

what effect do MMPs inhibit

A

collagen fibers being cleaved

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21
Q

the presence of what increased the release of MMPs

A

macrophages

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22
Q

what is formed when membrane-bound MMPs initiate proteolysis and invade ECM

A

podosomes

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23
Q

list the steps in locomotion of cultured cells

A
  • organization of actin filaments to extend lamellipodia & establish new focal contacts
  • stress fibers contract tailing edge where focal points are broken
24
Q

making/ breaking focal contacts depends on the

A

modulation of affinities of integrins for ECM

25
Q

what are lamellipodia

A

structure used for cell movement

26
Q

lamellipodia function

A

polymerize actin filaments

27
Q

keratocytes characteristics

A
  1. found in stromal tissue
  2. produce & secrete collagen
  3. give skin flexibility/ durability
  4. create filopodia
28
Q

what is heregulin

A

ligand for erbB2 receptor family

29
Q

heregulin causes

A

lamellipodium formation

30
Q

what are filopodia

A

extensions from plasma membrane or from lamellipodia

31
Q

filopodia are used to

A

seek out nutrients
for movement

32
Q

what is the function of the Rho family

A

control actin cytoskeleton and the formation of focal adhesions

33
Q

activation of Rho stimulates…

A

formation of focal adhesion and stress fibers

34
Q

injecting an activeform of Rac protein stimulates the formation of

A

1 enormous lamellipodium

35
Q

injecting a GEF for Cdc42 protein induces

A

extension of hundreds of filopodia in all directions

36
Q

what is also expressed in inflammatory breast cancer

A

RhoC

37
Q

what happens to RhoC when introduced in weakly metastatic cells

A

they become highly metastatic

38
Q

the increased # of draining nodes found in a cancer indicates

A

increased probability of metastatic cells

39
Q

what is the sentinel node

A

the 1st lymph node that is infiltrated by metastasizing cells

40
Q

what induces lymphangiogenesis

A

VEGF-C secretion

41
Q

what is lymphangiogenesis

A

lymph production

42
Q

what types of tumors do not normally metastasize to other parts of the body

A

brain tumors

43
Q

proportion of metastasis depends on

A

the adaptations necessary for survival in new tissue

44
Q

colon cancer almost immediately metastasizes in the

A

liver

45
Q

where is the venous return of most tissues located

A

to the right side of the heart

46
Q

spleen and gut drain directly to the

A

liver via the portal vein

47
Q

bone metastasis requires

A

interfering w. function of osteoclasts & osteoblasts

48
Q

the formation of what structures compromise bone integrity

A

metastatic osteolytic lesions

49
Q

osteolytic metastasis is characterized by

A

osteolytic lesions causing marrow to be displaced by cancer cells

50
Q

osteoblastic metastasis is characterized by

A

osteoblastic lesions w/ marrow displaced by mineralized bone

51
Q

balance between bone formation and bone resorption depends on

A

signaling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

52
Q

increase RANKL secretion leads to

A

bone resorption

53
Q

increased OPG secretion blocks

A

RANKL and new bone is laid down

54
Q

describe the positive feedback loop of osteolytic metastasis

A

release of GFs causes cancer to release more PTHrP resulting in bone demineralization exposing ECM in bone

55
Q

what are 2 secondary complications that were discussed

A

depression in post-op breast cancer patients causing tumor to establish in the bone

chronic stress causing an increase in the production of RANKL

56
Q

what does enhanced metastasis indicate

A

cancerous cells are able to produce more metastases over a prolonged period of time when compared to original cells

Cancer Biology (15 decks)

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