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Immune Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the classical pathway of the complement cascade?

A

antigen: antibody complexes

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2
Q

what is the MB-Lectin pathway of the complement cascade?

A

lectin binding to the pathogen surfaces

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3
Q

what is the alternative pathway of the complement cascade?

A

pathogen surfaces

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4
Q

define complement

A

the natural component of blood serum

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5
Q

compliment activation results in..

A
  1. recruitment of inflammatory cells
  2. opsonization of pathogens
  3. killing of pathogens

opsonization = kill it tag

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6
Q

recruitment of inflammatory cells results in the recruitment of

A

macrophages and neutrophiles

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7
Q

killing pathogens occurs by

A

rupturing the cell wall

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8
Q

what 2 types of attacks are launched against infectious agents by the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. humoral
  2. cellular
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9
Q

define humoral attack

A

soluble or fluid mediated by antibodies

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10
Q

define cellular attack

A

mediated by Tc cells, NK, & macrophages

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11
Q

macrophages and NK cells have an innate recognition for

A
  • foreign invaders
  • cells that must be destroyed
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12
Q

examples of foreign invaders include

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
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13
Q

examples of cells that must be destroyed include

A
  • necrotic
  • marked for death
  • displaying abnormal proteins
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14
Q

T lymphocytes display

A

T cell receptors to recognize antigens

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15
Q

list 3 examples of T lymphocytes

A
  1. Tc cells
  2. Th
    3.Treg
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16
Q

helper T cells (Th) aid B cells to…. and CTLs to…

A
  • produce antibody
  • kill cells that need to be destroyed
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17
Q

regulatory T cells (Treg) suppress

A

CTLs and Th

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18
Q

normal body cells use what molecule to present fragments of their proteins on the surface

A

MHC class I molecules

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19
Q

explain how the body normally presents protein fragments on its cell surface

A
  • proteins from cytosol are diverted into proteasomes
  • proteasomes are broken down into oligopeptides
  • oligopeptides are introduced into lumen of ER via TAP channel where they encounter MHC class I molecule
  • complex is displayed at the cells surface
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20
Q

how is a cell able to display various olgiopeptides?

A

by displaying various forms of MHC class I molecules w/ different binding domains

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21
Q

antigen presenting cells are aka

A

dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages

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22
Q

describe steps that APS take to generate antibodies

APS= antigen presenting cells

A
  • APS phagocytize antigenic particles
  • particles become oligopeptides by proteolysis
  • MHC class II molecules bind to oligopeptides & migrate to cell surface
  • complex are presented to T cell in lymph nodes
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23
Q

where do the MHC class II molecules migrate from

A

the ER via the golgi apparatus

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24
Q

dendritic cells and macrophages phagocytize

A

ALL types of molecules

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25
Q

B cells phagocytize

A

molecules recognized by antigen specific cell surface antibodies

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26
Q

MHC class II and class I occur in what cell types?

A

class I occurs in all cell types

class II ONLY occurs in dendritic and macrophages

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27
Q

define langerhan cells

A

specialized phagocytic cells that reside in the skin

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28
Q

how are mature dendritic cells formed?

A

through APCs that take up antigen and migrate to the lymph nodes

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29
Q

explain the steps in maturation of dendritic cells

A
  • langerhan cells take up antigen by phagocytosis and migrate to the lymph nodes where they mature into DC cells
  • in the lymph nodes DC cells confront & present antigens to the T cells
  • results in activation of T cells that initiate an immune response against antigens
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30
Q

antibodies function

A
  • recognize antigens on cell surfaces
  • direct killing of foreign cells
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31
Q

antibody kills foreign cells by

A

preventing
- viral absorption into host cells
- bacterial adherence to host cells

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32
Q

list the 5 mechanisms of killing

A
  1. antibody coating
  2. ADCC
  3. CTLs
  4. extrinsic apoptotic pathway
  5. natural killer cells

ADCC= antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

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33
Q

explain the antibody coating mechanism of action

A

-bacterium provokes macrophage to use Fc receptors to recognize/ bind to antibody molecule
-bacterium is phagocytized
- destruction by lysosomes within the cytoplasm of macrophage

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34
Q

explain the ADCC mechanism of action

A

-targeted mammalian cell becomes coated w/ antigens that recognize and bind antibodies
- NK cells use Fc receptors to bind antibody molecule
- binding activates NK cells introducing cytotoxic granules
- lysis of cell

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35
Q

explain the CTLs mechanism of action

A
  • granules within the CTL are introduced to the target cell
  • target cell goes into apoptosis & disintegrates
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36
Q

each CTL expressed a

A

specific antigen-recognizing T-cell receptor on its surface

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37
Q

Diversity of T-cell receptors leads to

A

antibody diversity

38
Q

CTL release granules w/

A

perforin

39
Q

perforin forms

A

cylindrical channels in plasma membrane

40
Q

after cylindrica channels have been made..

A

granzymes go into cytoplasm of target cell

initiates apoptotic cascade (cleaving procaspases)

41
Q

when there is the absence of a cellular target a…

A

synapse w/ the targeted cell forms

42
Q

explain the extrinsic apoptotic pathway mechanism of action

A
  • Fas ligand engages Fas receptor on targeted cell triggering receptor trimerization
  • activates extrinsic caspase cascade
  • cell dies
43
Q

what is known as an alternative kill method

A

the extrinsic apoptotic pathway

44
Q

explain the NK cells mechanism of action

A

by spreading its cytoplasm on the surface of the tumor

45
Q

NK cells are programmed to target any cells

A

displaying abnormal levels of MHC I molecules on the surface

46
Q

what greatly increases the risk for developing certain cancer

A

immunosuppression

47
Q

if an antigen is being presented from a cancer cells then…

A

activated T lymphocytes will attack cancer cells with that antigen

48
Q

explain how mice where immunized w/ the exposure to killed cancer cells

A
  • mice were injected with killed original tumor cells
  • when injected w/ live original tumor cells there was no tumor growth
  • when injected w/ live tumor cells from another tumor there was tumor growth
49
Q

immune signaling occurs via

A

chemokines
cytokines

50
Q

define chemokines

A

a family of chemical messengers that attract leukocytes via chemotaxis

51
Q

define cytokines

A

regulators of immune response (interferons and interleukins) that signal between cells

52
Q

name the macrophage activators that are anti-tumor

A

LPS
IFN-y

53
Q

list some ways that macrophages become anti-tumor

A
  • cytokines
  • chemokines
  • tumor cell lysis
  • reactive O and N species
  • metalloproteinases
54
Q

name the macrophage activator that is pro-tumor

A

hypoxia

55
Q

list some ways that macrophages become pro-tumor

A
  • pro-angiogenic cytokines/ enzymes
  • reactive O and N species
  • cytokines
  • tissue factor
  • metalloproteinases
  • chemokines
56
Q

macrophage mobilization includes

A
  • macrophage phagocytizing apoptotic bodies
  • macrophage phagocytizing tumor cell
57
Q

list some immunoevasive strategies of cancer cells

A
  • repress MHC-I proteins
  • repress NK ligands
  • destroy immunocyte receptors
  • induce Treg formation
  • release FasL and cytokines
  • avoid FasL apoptosis
  • upregulate CD47 expression

CD47= dont eat me signals

58
Q

repressing MHC-I proteins hides the cancer cells from

A

Tc lymphocytes

59
Q

repressing the NK ligands hides the cancer cells from

A

NK cells

60
Q

destroying immunocyte receptors inactivates

A

NK and Tc cells

61
Q

inducing Treg formation suppressed

A

Tc cells

62
Q

releasing FasL and cytokines induces

A

apoptosis in immune cells

63
Q

avoiding FasL apoptosis and increasing IAPs inhibits

IAPs = inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

A

caspases

64
Q

up regulating CD47 expression leads cancer cells to

A

avoid phagocytosis

65
Q

MHC class I molecules can fail to present oligopeptide due to loss of

A

beta2
TAP1

66
Q

explain tumor immunoevasion by Tregs

A

tumor cells release chemokine (CCL22) which binds to Treg resulting in suppression of effector T cells

67
Q

what surface antigens expressed by Treg inhibits Tc cells

A

CD25 and FOXP3

68
Q

what is an indicator of long term survival in ovarian cancer patients?

A

increased concentrations of Treg

69
Q

precancerous inflammation can cause

A
  • increased genetic damage
70
Q

give examples of the genetic damage that can occur due to inflammation

A
  • point mutations
  • AID activity
  • decreased oncogene methylation
  • DNA breaks
  • DNA damage
  • tumor suppressor methylation
71
Q

what can induce inflammation

A

aberrant oncogenic signaling

72
Q

what are the 2 paths that cancer inflammation can take?

A
  1. extrinsic
  2. intrinsic
73
Q

explain the extrinsic mechanism

A

chronic inflammation that leads to increased cancer risk

74
Q

explain the intrinsic mechanism

A

DNA damage activated oncogenes leading to tumor development

75
Q

tumor cell behavior depends on

A
  • characteristics of cancer cells
  • cancer cells interactions w/ normal cells
76
Q

tumor cells secrete _______ that recruit _________ and promote _______.

A

chemokines
TAM
angiogenesis

77
Q

TAMs can produce _________ and ______ which can mutate ________

A

cytokines
ROD/NOS
DNA

78
Q

what pathway is a key mediator of the inflammatory response

A

NF-kB pathway

79
Q

when NF-kB enters the nucleus it targets genes that lead to what 3 responses

A
  1. inhibition of apoptosis
  2. inflammatory response
  3. metastasis and angiogenesis
80
Q

inhibition of apoptosis is done by what gene

A

Bcl-XL

81
Q

inflammatory response is done by what gene

A

cytokines (TNFa)

82
Q

metastasis is done by what gene

A

MMP9

83
Q

angiogenesis is done by what gene

A

VEGF

84
Q

list some upstream initiator of the NF-kB pathway

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • stress
  • inflammatory agents
  • carcinogens
85
Q

downstream effectors of the NF-kB pathway lead to

A

tumorigenesis

86
Q

what are the main 3 focuses for immunotherapy

A
  1. enhancing antigen presentation
  2. suppressing immunological checkpoints
  3. Enhancing T cell migration
87
Q

What are the 2 types of immunization strategies

A
  1. passive
  2. active
88
Q

passive immunization include

A
  • tumor-specific antibodies
  • engrafting histo-incompatible marrow
89
Q

active immunization includes

A
  • activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)
  • dendritic cells w/ tumor specific oligopeptide antigen
  • tumor blocking of CD47
  • inhibiting Treg cells
  • blocking CTLA-4 function
90
Q

what happens when p53 inhibitors are prevented from inhibiting p53?

A

tumor-suppressing protein releases endogenous retroviruses

helps immune system spot cancer cells

Cancer Biology (15 decks)

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