Measles Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with measles?
High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis. Followed by Koplik spots inside the mouth. Rash starts on face, spreads downward to trunk and extremities.
What are the key physical examination findings in measles?
Maculopapular rash starting on face, spreading to trunk and extremities. Koplik spots on buccal mucosa. Conjunctivitis, coryza, cough.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing measles?
Clinical diagnosis primarily. Measles-specific IgM antibodies in serum. PCR for measles RNA from throat swab, urine, or blood. Viral culture (less common).
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for measles?
Isolate patient to prevent spread. Ensure rest and hydration. Maintain good nutrition. Provide supportive care for symptoms. Educate on measles vaccination.
What are the pharmacological management options for measles?
No specific antiviral treatment. Symptomatic treatment: antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Vitamin A supplementation in children. Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections.
What are the red flags to look for in measles patients?
Severe respiratory distress, pneumonia. Signs of encephalitis: headache, confusion, seizures. Severe diarrhea, dehydration. Persistent high fever despite treatment.
When should a patient with measles be referred to a specialist?
Severe or complicated cases. Suspected encephalitis or pneumonia. Immunocompromised patients. Pregnant women exposed to measles. Severe malnutrition or vitamin A deficiency.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to measles?
Caused by measles virus, a paramyxovirus. Virus spreads via respiratory droplets. Infects respiratory epithelium, then disseminates via blood. Immune response causes characteristic rash.
