Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semantics and Pragmatics > Meaning > Flashcards

Meaning Flashcards

1
Q

what is speaker meaning

A

the meaning that the speaker intends to convey through an utterance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

give properties of speaker meaning

A

PRIVATE: only the speaker truly knows their intended meaning

-hearers needs to make an informed guess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is utterance meaning

A

meaning of utterances can be observed by both speakers and hearers
-this is examined by linguists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Ambiguity

A

sentences can have more than one meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

give an example of ambiguity

A

bank=money?river?station?

Ciara saw the man with the telescope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example of semantic/scope ambiguity

A

Everyone speaks two languages

-same or different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define referring/denoting

A

the action of picking out or identifying words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give an example of referring/denoting

A

we have just flown back from Cape Town

-Cape town denotes the city (its referent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give referring expressions

A

21st Jan 2019
my twin sister
the newspaper
last week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

give a distinguished definition: denote

A
  • a property of words
  • the relationship between a linguistic expression and the world
  • stable relationship in languages, does not depend on any one use of a word
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

distinguished definition: refer

A
  • what a speaker does
  • used for the action of a speaker in picking out entities in the world
  • changes and depends on context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does context influence referring expressions

A

deictic expressions

  • dependent on context for meaning
  • often refers to time/person/location
  • yesterday=changes when you say it
  • I/Me changes on speaker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define sense

A

the aspects of meaning of an expression that give it the denotation with which it is associated
differences in sense=differences in denotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of sense

A

she is a conductor

  • checks tickets
  • of an orchestra
  • transmits electricity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

difference between semantics and pragmatics

A 
semantics = study of sentence and word meaning
pragmatics = utterance meaning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

give examples of semantics vs pragmatics

A

It’s cold
explicit/semantics: low temp
implicit/pragmatics: pls close the window

17
Q

give 2 types of semantics

A

lexical: word meaning
structural: phrase meaning

18
Q

what do lexical semantics explore

A

internal structure of words
un = untrue
ise = legalise

19
Q

what is implicature

A

the inference that is derived by trying to understand the utterance in light of the contextual and bg info
-goes beyond the literal meaning

20
Q

what is presupposition

A

A (Ps) B = B has to be true for A to be

-a particular kind of inference that concerns bg assumptions

21
Q

what is entailment

A

A entails B if A being true guarantees the truth of B

-cannot be cancelled

22
Q

give an example of an entailment

A

Jasmine is an Indian singer entails that Jasmine is Indian

23
Q

give an example of presupposition

A

Wendy regretted eating the fish (Wendy ate the fish)

24
Q

Define synonyms

A

identity of meaning

25
Q

give an example of a synonyn

A

couch/sofa

26
Q

how can words vary

A

with different connotations and social meanings
-technical vs everyday terms: goosebumps/horripilation
-dialects/varieties
wee/small, vex/angry

27
Q

what are the two types of opposites in lexical semantics

A

antonyms

complementaries

28
Q

what is an antonym

A
  • opposite poles of semantic space (can be NEITHER)

- A and B are antonyms if ‘X’ is A implies ‘X’ is not B

29
Q

give an example of antonym

A

short and tall
X is short
(implies X is not tall)

30
Q

what are complementaries

A

-they exhaust or completely divide the semantic space (must be one or the other)
A and B if X is A entails X is not B and vice versa

31
Q

What is converseness?

A
  • a sense relation
  • the comparative forms (-er or more) of an antonym pair of adjectives
  • types of synonyms that also require the reordering of NPs
32
Q

Give an example of coverseness

A

Students are poorer than lecturers

Lecturers are richer than students

33
Q

Give examples of converseness in verbs and prepositions

A

V: precede/follow
P:above/below

Semantics and Pragmatics (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions