Me 2.4 Encoding Memories Flashcards
Explicit Memory
Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare. —>Easily described or explained.
Effortful Processing
Requires attention and conscious effort.
Example: Studying for an exam
Implicit Memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Automatic processing
Information is encoded without conscious effort.
Example: Space, time, frequency
Procedural Memory
Memory for procedures and skills
Example: Tying your shoes
Prospective Memory
Remembering to perform future actions.
Example: Remembering to take medicine at a specific time
iconic memory
sensory memory in which a person can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image has disappeared
Echoic memory
the brief sensory memory of audible sounds. Lasts 3-4 seconds
Chunking
Breaking information into smaller, manageable units
Example: Remembering a phone number by dividing it into chunks (e.g., 555-1234)
Mnemonic
techniques that help with encoding
information into working and long-term memory
Example: The Roy G. Biv mnemonic for remembering the colours of the rainbow
Peg Word system
A system in which one associates numbers with words to remember them. (mnemonic devices)
Method of loci
Associating information with specific locations
Example: To remember a shopping list, imagine placing each item in a different room of your house
Categories and hierarchies
Organising information into categories or a structured hierarchy (mnemonic)
Example: Grouping animals by their types (mammals, birds, reptiles)
spacing effect
suggests that encoding and memory consolidation are more effective when information is spread out over time (distributed practice) rather than crammed all at once (massed practice)
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory of things after recalling, not just rereading.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level: based on structure or appearance of words. (Structural encoding, Phonemic encoding)
Structural Encoding
Focuses on the physical structure of information
Example: Noticing if a word is written in capital letters
Phonemic Encoding
Focuses on how information sounds
Example: Remembering a word by its rhyme
Deep processing
Encodes semantically; based on the meaning of a word.
Semantic Encoding
Focuses on the meaning of the information
Example: Understanding and remembering a word’s meaning leads to better retention
Self reference effect
The tendency to remember self-relevant information.
Primacy effect
Information presented at the beginning of a list is more likely to be remembered
Example: Remembering the first few items on a shopping list
The serial position effect
Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
Recency effect
Information presented at the end
of a list is also more likely to be remembered
Example: Remembering the last few items on a shopping list
