Me 2.4 Encoding Memories

Question 1

Explicit Memory

Answer 1

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare. —>Easily described or explained.

Question 2

Effortful Processing

Answer 2

Requires attention and conscious effort.
Example: Studying for an exam

Question 3

Implicit Memory

Answer 3

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Question 4

Automatic processing

Answer 4

Information is encoded without conscious effort.
Example: Space, time, frequency

Question 5

Procedural Memory

Answer 5

Memory for procedures and skills
Example: Tying your shoes

Question 6

Prospective Memory

Answer 6

Remembering to perform future actions.
Example: Remembering to take medicine at a specific time

Question 7

iconic memory

Answer 7

sensory memory in which a person can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image has disappeared

Question 8

Echoic memory

Answer 8

the brief sensory memory of audible sounds. Lasts 3-4 seconds

Question 9

Chunking

Answer 9

Breaking information into smaller, manageable units
Example: Remembering a phone number by dividing it into chunks (e.g., 555-1234)

Question 10

Mnemonic

Answer 10

techniques that help with encoding
information into working and long-term memory

Example: The Roy G. Biv mnemonic for remembering the colours of the rainbow

Question 11

Peg Word system

Answer 11

A system in which one associates numbers with words to remember them. (mnemonic devices)

Question 12

Method of loci

Answer 12

Associating information with specific locations
Example: To remember a shopping list, imagine placing each item in a different room of your house

Question 13

Categories and hierarchies

Answer 13

Organising information into categories or a structured hierarchy (mnemonic)

Example: Grouping animals by their types (mammals, birds, reptiles)

Question 14

spacing effect

Answer 14

suggests that encoding and memory consolidation are more effective when information is spread out over time (distributed practice) rather than crammed all at once (massed practice)

Question 15

Testing Effect

Answer 15

Enhanced memory of things after recalling, not just rereading.

Question 16

Shallow processing

Answer 16

Encoding on a basic level: based on structure or appearance of words. (Structural encoding, Phonemic encoding)

Question 17

Structural Encoding

Answer 17

Focuses on the physical structure of information
Example: Noticing if a word is written in capital letters

Question 18

Phonemic Encoding

Answer 18

Focuses on how information sounds
Example: Remembering a word by its rhyme

Question 19

Deep processing

Answer 19

Encodes semantically; based on the meaning of a word.

Question 20

Semantic Encoding

Answer 20

Focuses on the meaning of the information
Example: Understanding and remembering a word’s meaning leads to better retention

Question 21

Self reference effect

Answer 21

The tendency to remember self-relevant information.

Question 22

Primacy effect

Answer 22

Information presented at the beginning of a list is more likely to be remembered

Example: Remembering the first few items on a shopping list

Question 23

The serial position effect

Answer 23

Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

Question 24

Recency effect

Answer 24

Information presented at the end
of a list is also more likely to be remembered

Example: Remembering the last few items on a shopping list