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CJ: UoL Medicine Semester One (ESA1) > MCBG - Basic Cell Structure > Flashcards

MCBG - Basic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Which is larger - a transmission electron microscope or a light microscope?

A

A TEM is much larger than a light microscope.

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2
Q

What is the difference between the lens in a light microscope compared with a TEM?

A

In a light microscope it is glass, while in a TEM/SEM it is a circular electromagnet

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3
Q

Ina light microscope, light passes through four things before it is viewed. What are these four things?

A

(Emitted from light source) -> condenser lens -> specimen -> objective lens -> eyepiece lens -> (image seen by eye)

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4
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin appears dark in the nucleus, forms a solenoid 30nm fibre and its genes are not expressed. Euchromatin appears light, forms “beads on a string” and the genes are expressed.

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5
Q

What is the limit of resolution?

A

The minimum distance at which two objects can be distinguished.

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6
Q

What does it mean when two images are “resolved”?

A

They can be distinguished.

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7
Q

True or false - the resolution improves as the wavelength descreases?

A

True. Violet light has the shortest wavelength of visible light.

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8
Q

What are the theoretical limits of resolution for light and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscope - 0.2 micrometers

Electron microscope - 0.002 nanometres.

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9
Q

True or false - prokaryotes have internal membranes while eukaryotes do not.

A

False - it’s the other way around.

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10
Q

What is the average width of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Around 15 micrometres.

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11
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

A molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, eg. Phospholipid molecules.

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12
Q

Why do alpha helix regions often anchor the proteins in the membrane?

A

They are hydrophobic.

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13
Q

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

A

Oligosaccharide and polysaccharide side chains on the outside of the plasma membranes.

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14
Q

Give some functions of the plasma membrane.

A

Selective permeability, transport of materials, endo/exocytosis, intercellular adhesion and recognition, signal transduction.

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15
Q

What is the difference between the SER and the RER?

A

The SER does not have ribosomes on its surface, while the RER does.

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16
Q

Where is abundant SER often found?

A

Liver, mammary gland, ovary, testis, adrenal gland.

17
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Protein synthesis and secretion.

18
Q

Where is SER usually abundant?

A

Cells that involve lots of lipid production.

19
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifying, sorting, concentrating and packaging proteins synthesised on the RER.

20
Q

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary lysosome?

A

A secondary lysosome has already fused with a bacterium and broken it down.

21
Q

What are lysosomes generated by?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

22
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Acidic hydrolytic enzymes. ATP is required to pump H+ ions inside the cell.

23
Q

What protects the cell from being digested by its own lysosomes?

A

They have a thick glycocalyx.

24
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

In the liver and kidney, they detoxify (oxidise) a number of molecules eg. Alcohol, phenols, formic acid and formaldehyde.

25
Q

What is produced as an intermediate when peroxisomes detoxify RH2?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

26
Q

What is the name given to the inner folds in a mitochondrion?

A

Cristae

27
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

28
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory related to mitochondria?

A

The belief that an ancestral eukaryote developed mitochondria through fusing with another cell.

29
Q

What is the average diameter of a microfilament (actin filament)?

A

5-9 nm.

30
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Form tough supporting meshwork in cytoplasm. Common in epithelial cells and just beneath nuclear membrane.

31
Q

Where are microtubules mainly found?

A

Sites where structures are moved eg. Nerve fibres, mitosis spindle, cilia and flagella.

32
Q

Which is larger - an intermediate filament or a microtubule?

A

Microtubule is larger (25nm compared to 10nm).

33
Q

What is meant by the “9+2 arrangement” of microtubules?

A

In a cilium or flagellum, the microtubules arrange themselves in a circle of nine, with two in the middle.

CJ: UoL Medicine Semester One (ESA1) (55 decks)

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