BL - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How can the 2nd rib be easily located?

A

Find the sternal angle between the manubrium and the sternum. Second rib attaches here.

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2
Q

Which two types of membranes are contained within the respiratory system?

A

Mucous membrane and serous membranes.

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3
Q

Give some examples of substances which may fill the pleural cavity.

A

Air, blood, pus or a watery transudate/exudate.

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4
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When air fills the pleural cavity.

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5
Q

How is fluid usually drained from the pleural cavity?

A

By inserting a wide-bore needle through 7th intercostal space, under ultrasound guidance.

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6
Q

What runs in the costal groove along the inferior border of each rib?

A

Intercostal nerves and vessels

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7
Q

A woman has paralysis on one side of her diaphragm. How could cancer have caused this?

A

Tumour impinging on left or right phrenic nerve.

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8
Q

Give two things that can cause muscle wasting in the lower arm/palm.

A

Pancoast tumour or cancer (impinging on brachial plexus).

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the airways from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the olfactory region?

A

Pseudostratified (very thick)

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11
Q

Which is more anterior, the trachea or the oesophagus?

A

The trachea

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12
Q

Bone is found in a transverse section of an oesophagus. What does this indicate about the age of the person it was taken from?

A

They are elderly.

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13
Q

What is the difference beteeen primary and secondary/tertiary bronchi?

A

Secondary/tertiary has cartilage arranged in irregular “crescent plates” rather than in rings.

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14
Q

What do club cells secrete that prevents the walls of the alveoli sticking together during expiration?

A

Surfactant lipoprotein

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15
Q

When (at what age) does the body stop developing new alveoli?

A

At the age of 8.

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16
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces which can result from smoking or alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

17
Q

What is a hallmark sign of emphysema?

A

Pursed-lip breathing

18
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria.

19
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Thin membrane that folds over itself and lines the lungs

20
Q

What are the functions of pleural fluid?

A

It reduced friction and provides surface tension so lung doesn’t collapse.

21
Q

What is the pleural/potential space?

A

Gap between pleurae, usually vacuum keeps these together.

22
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air between the pleurae

23
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

Opening in chest wall which allows atmospheric air to enter the pleural space. Caused by trauma eg stabbing, gunshot, impalement, surgery

24
Q

What is a closed pneumothorax?

A

Chest wall is intact but rupture of lung and visceral pleurae allows air into pleural space.