BL - Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Where is bile made?

A

In the liver

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2
Q

What is the vein called that enters the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

What makes a portal circulatory route different from a typical circulatory route?

A

The portal route goes through two sets of capillaries before entering the heart rather than one

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system pass through?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What does the hepatic portal system pass through?

A

Stomach and intestine, then liver

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6
Q

Give some examples of substances that travel in the portal vein.

A

Water (and water soluble vitamins), electrolytes, carbohydrates, proteins, intestinal hormones, toxins

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7
Q

What happens to ammonia in the kidney?

A

It is converted to urea which can be excreted in urine

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8
Q

Which substances are notably NOT found in the portal vein?

A

Lipids and fat soluble vitamins (A,D, E and K)

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9
Q

Give some examples of things stored by the liver.

A

Iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin K, glycogen

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10
Q

True or false - though haematopoiesis is possible in the liver in a foetus, this cannot be revived in adults?

A

False - it can if bone marrow is failing

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11
Q

What is cytochrome P450?

A

A family of haem- containing isoenzymes which are located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of several tissues.

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12
Q

Which type of cell is critical to the “filtering” function of the spleen?

A

Kupffer cells/macrophages

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13
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Cells that makes up 80% of the liver cell population. They can regenerate and contain lots of mitochondria and peroxisomes.

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14
Q

What do glycogen inclusions look like on images?

A

Very small black speckles/dots

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15
Q

What is a sinusoid?

A

Irregular tubular space for passage of blood, takes place of capillaries and venules in liver, spleen and bone marrow.

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16
Q

What is a “portal triad”?

A

A bile duct, a hepatic portal venule and a hepatic arteriole.

17
Q

What is a liver lobule?

A

A small subunit of the liver composed of hepatocytes which process blood from an incoming portal venule and send it back out.

18
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Monocytes derived specialist macrophages which line the sinusoids.

19
Q

What do stellate cells contain?

A

Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing vitamin A

20
Q

What can stellate cells differentiate to form (due to liver cirrhosis)?

A

Myofibroblasts, which synthesise collagen