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CJ: UoL Medicine Semester One (ESA1) > BL - Connective And Adipose Tissues > Flashcards

BL - Connective And Adipose Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, muscle, nerve, connective

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2
Q

Name some types of specialised connective tissues. (6)

A

Adipose, lymphatic, blood, haemopoietic, cartilage, bone

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3
Q

List some functions of connective tissue. (6)

A

CONNECTS cells, tissues and organs; TRANSPORTS nutrients/wastes; PROTECTS (cushions/insulates); STORES fat; DEFENDS against infection; HEALS

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4
Q

What does CT proper consist of and contain?

A

Consists of loose CT + dense CT

Contains cells, fibres and ground substance

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5
Q

Name the three fibres found in connective tissue.

A

Collagen (flexible and strong)
Reticular (provides framework)
Elastin (allows tissues to recoil)

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6
Q

Which disease occurs due to lack of vitamin C affecting collagen production?

A

Scurvy - poor wound healing and impaired bone formation.

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7
Q

How is collagen produced?

A

FIBROBLASTS secrete PRE-COLLAGEN that is converted to collagen molecules OUTSIDE the cell. The collagen molecules are then AGGREGATED to form the final collagen fibrils.

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8
Q

How is type one collagen (98% of all collagen) structured?

A

It is formed of a triple helix of alpha chains.

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9
Q

How is type three collagen (reticulin) structured?

A

FIBRILS form FIBRES around muscle and nerve cells and within lymphatic tissues and organs.

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10
Q

What disease results from abnormal type one collagen?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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11
Q

What is the primary component of elastic fibres (which occur in most connective tissues)?

A

Elastin, but it enfolds and is surrounded by fibrillin.

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12
Q

Where does elastin play an important role?

A

Dermis, artery walls, lungs, other sites bearing elastic cartilage

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13
Q

Which syndrome occurs when expression of the fibrillin gene is abnormal?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

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14
Q

What is ground substance?

A

A viscous clear substance with a slippery feel made from proteoglycans

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15
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Large macromolecule consisting of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycans are covalent bonded.

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16
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Long chain polysaccharides which attract water to form a gel, e.g. hyaluronic acid

17
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

Complex extracellular structural network that consists of ground substance and fibres

18
Q

List the characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

Many cells, not many collagen fibres, lots of ground substance, viscous, important for diffusion

19
Q

Where is loose connective tissue mostly found?

A

Beneath epithelia, around epithelium of glands, around blood vessels (so can swell if pathogens enter).

20
Q

List the characteristics of dense connective tissue

A

Few cells (mostly fibroblasts), many collagen fibres, not much ground substance

21
Q

Which type of dense connective tissue has collagen fibres in densely packed parallel bundles with fibroblasts in them?

A

Regular - can withstand stress in one direction

22
Q

Which type of dense CT has collagen fibres in random bundles with fibroblasts?

A

Irregular - can withstand stress in multiple directions

23
Q

What connects muscles to bones and has parallel collagen bundles?

A

Tendons

24
Q

What connects bones to bones and has densely packed collagen bundles?

A

Ligaments

25
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A flat sheet of regular CT with criss-crossing bundles of fibres

26
Q

Which sort of tissue is the dermis made out of?

A

Dense irregular, as bundles of collagen resist tearing of skin

27
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise and secrete?

A

Ground substance and the fibres within it

28
Q

Which actin-containing cell causes the wound to contract?

A

Myofibroblasts

29
Q

Which cells move into inflamed loose CT?

A

Macrophages

30
Q

Where are mast cells found in CT?

A

Found in connective tissue near blood vessels BUT not by nerves as swelling would damage them. Can cause anaphylaxis.

31
Q

How are histamine and heparin released from the granules?

A

Cells are coated with IgE which binds allergens. When an allergen cross links, contents of the granules are rapidly released from the cell.

32
Q

Name the two types of fat cells

A

White and brown

33
Q

Which type of fat cell is almost entirely filled by one fat droplet, squashing the nucleus and cytoplasm?

A

White fat cells

34
Q

Which type of fat cell contains multiple droplets and a central nucleus?

A

Brown fat

35
Q

Why is brown fat brown?

A

Rich vascular supply and mitochondria so can generate heat.

36
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Appetite stimulator released from stomach

37
Q

What is leptin?

A

Appetite SUPPRESSOR released by fat cells when eating.

CJ: UoL Medicine Semester One (ESA1) (55 decks)

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