Matts Driver Bible TRUCK CO. Full and Final Flashcards
1
Q
- Before ignition, a fuel has potential _________ energy. When that fuel burns, the chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy in the form of thermal energy (heat) and light. (T21)
A
- Chemical
2
Q
- _________________ is a measurement of kinetic energy. (T21)
A
- Temperature
3
Q
- _____ is the movement of thermal energy from objects of higher temperature to those of lower temperature. (T21)
A
- Heat
4
Q
- F = ( ________ ) ______
A
- ( C x 1.8 ) +32
5
Q
- C = ( ________ ) _______
A
- ( F – 32 ) ÷ 1.8
6
Q
- In the metric system used in technical literature, the Canadian fire service, and most of the rest of the world, _______ are the unit of measure for heat energy. (T22)
A
- Joules
7
Q
- _______________— Unit of work or energy in the International System of Units; the energy (or work) when unit force (1 newton) moves a body through a unit distance (1 meter); takes the place of calorie for heat measurement (1 calorie =______ ). (T22)
A
- Joule (J). 4.19 J
8
Q
- It takes ________ joules to raise the temperature of one kilogram (kg) of water one degree Celsius. (T22)
A
- 4,186 joules
9
Q
- The U.S. fire service uses the customary system in which the unit of measure for heat energy is the_________________. (T22)
A
- British thermal unit (Btu)
10
Q
- One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. By comparison, 1 Btu equals approximately _________ joules. (T22)
A
- 1,100 joules
11
Q
- British Thermal Unit (Btu) — Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. One Btu = ___________________. (T22)
A
- 1.055 kilo joules (kJ)
12
Q
- A Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. When comparing joules and Btu, ________ = 1 Btu. (S11)
A
- 1055 J
13
Q
- The _________________ of any fuel determines its heat of combustion and has a significant influence on its energy or heat release rate (HRR). (T23)
A
- chemical content
14
Q
- ** ___________________is usually expressed in either kilojoules/gram (kJ/g) or megajoules/kilogram (MJ/kg). (T23)
A
- Heat of combustion
15
Q
- ___________________is thermal energy (heat) that could be generated by the combustion (oxidation) reaction if a fuel were completely burned. The _______________ is measured in British Thermal Units (Btu) per pound or calories per gram. (T23)
A
- Heat of combustion. Heat of combustion
16
Q
- _______________ is the dominant method of heat transfer in the early stages of fire development. However, as the room approaches full involvement, ________________ from flames and the hot gas layer becomes the more dominant method of heat transfer. (T24)
A
- Convection, radiation
17
Q
- ________________________has a direct impact on the flow rate necessary for fire control and on whether a compartment fire will reach flashover. (T24)
A
- Heat release rate (HRR)
18
Q
- _____ is the energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns. This is usually expressed in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW). ______ is dependent on the type, quantity, and orientation of the fuel. (T24)
A
- HRR
19
Q
- As smoke begins to accumulate in the compartment, it does so in a manner called_______________. _______________is the tendency of gases to stratify according to temperature. Other terms sometimes used to describe this tendency are heat stratification and thermal balance. (T26)
A
- thermal layering, Thermal layering
20
Q
- As the fire continues in the growth stage, its __________________ will increase as long as it has sufficient fuel and oxygen. (T26)
A
- rate of development
21
Q
- When sufficient oxygen is available, fire development is controlled by the _______________ and _________________ of the fuel. A significant factor influencing the rate of development is how the burning fuel is________________________. (T26)
A
- characteristics and configuration, oriented relative to horizontal
22
Q
- The __________________ is important to firefighters because it determines how the fire will change when ventilation is increased. When the fire is fuel controlled, increased ventilation will generally _______________ temperatures within the compartment and thereby slow or prevent its progression to flashover.(T26)
A
- controlling factor, reduce temperatures
23
Q
- ** The ceiling temperature approaches _____________°F during a rollover and the heat being radiated to the floor may be sufficient to ignite ordinary materials such as newspaper.(T28)
A
- 1100
24
Q
- As the temperature of fuels within the compartment continues to increase, so does the________________, with unburned decomposition products accumulating in the hot layer of smoke. As temperature and ____________ (heat being absorbed) continue to increase, the compartment may rapidly transition to full involvement – with or without flashover. (T28)
A
- rate of pyrolysis, heat flux
25
Q
- ** If the concentration of flammable combustion and pyrolysis products is above the upper flammable limit, the temperature is above 1,100°F or another source of ignition is available, and ventilation is increased, a ____________ may occur. (T30)
A
- Back-draft
26
Q
- In a compartment fire, the most fundamental fuel characteristics influencing fire development are______ and ____________. (T31)
A
- mass and surface area
27
Q
- ________________________is the layout of the structure including the number of stories, avenues for fire spread, compartmentation, and barriers to fire spread. (T31)
A
- Building configuration
28
Q
- The _________________ of a structure are often the most readily available fuel source in a compartment fire.(T31)
A
- Contents
29
Q
- The _________ of _____________ influences fuel load as some types of building materials are more combustible than others. (T31)
A
- type of construction
30
Q
- ____________________is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on structural openings, construction type, and building ventilation systems. (T34)
A
- Existing ventilation
31
Q
- When a fire starts, ___________________conditions dictate the actual exchange of products of combustion inside the building or compartment with outside air. (T34)
A
- existing ventilation
32
Q
- __________________include insulation, heat reflectivity, retention, and conductivity. (T35)
A
- Thermal properties
33
Q
- The ____________________ of fuel influences its heat of combustion (the amount of heat released by a given mass of fuel) and the heat release rate (the rate at which that heat is released). (T36)
A
- chemical composition
34
Q
- Responsibility for size-up and risk assessment is not limited to fire officers. Everyone on the fireground needs to develop and maintain a high level of situational awareness. One element of situational awareness is recognition of key_________________________. (T36)
A
- fire behavior indicators
35
Q
- Building features are indicators of potential fire behavior prior to ignition. During pre-incident planning surveys, firefighters should practice __________________under nonfire conditions to identify critical characteristics that are likely to influence fire behavior and structural stability under fire conditions. (T37)
A
- reading the building
36
Q
- The first of the critical building features is_______________. The type of building involved influences both fire behavior and structural stability under fire conditions. (T37)
A
- construction type
37
Q
- _______________ or thick smoke contains a high concentration of particulates and is difficult to see through. (T40)
A
- Optically dense
38
Q
- The term _________________ refers to the buoyancy of the smoke. (T40)
A
- physical density
39
Q
- Firefighters often gauge the thickness of the ______________ in a compartment by the height of the smoke above the floor. However, the ceiling height must also be considered in this assessment. (T40)
A
- hot gas layer
40
Q
- Even more important than the height of the hot gas layer are____________________. A sudden rise could indicate that some type of ventilation has occurred – either tactically by firefighters or caused by the fire breaking a window. (T40)
A
- changes in its height
41
Q
- __________________ of the hot gas layer could indicate deteriorating conditions and increased potential for flashover. (T40)
A
- Gradual lowering
42
Q
- ______________________could indicate deteriorating conditions caused by flashover in an adjacent compartment. (T40)
A
- Sudden lowering
43
Q
- _______ refers to the movement of air toward burning fuel and the movement of smoke out of the compartment. (T40)
A
- Airflow
44
Q
- Airflow is caused by pressure differentials inside and outside the compartment and by ________________ (differences in density between the hot smoke and cooler air). (T40)
A
- gravity current
45
Q
- Smoke discharge without inward movement of air or bidirectional air flow both indicate that the fire is likely to be______________________. (T42)
A
- moving toward the opening
46
Q
- __________________(perceptible by touch) include sensing temperature or temperature changes. Firefighters may sense temperature and changes in temperature, but this is limited by the thermal protection provided by their protective clothing and their focus on the task at hand. (T42)
A
- Tactile effects
47
Q
- If firefighters can see flames in the hot gas layer it may indicate ____________(pockets of flame seen intermittently in the smoke) and impending rollover. (T43)
A
- Ghosting
48
Q
- The process of _____________ begins well before ignition with consideration of building factors in both typical occupancies and target hazards.(T43)
A
- reading the fire
48
Q
- Wildland firefighters refer to high rates of fire spread and heat output that preclude offensive suppression methods as____________________. (T46)
A
- extreme fire behavior
49
Q
- ______________ can occur almost instantaneously, and flame spread can move faster than firefighters attempting to escape. The _________________ created by a flashover is not survivable for more than a few seconds – even when wearing full PPE and SCBA – and can result in disorientation as well as thermal burns. (T47)
A
- Flashover, heat flux
50
Q
- In general, there are two mechanisms that can induce flashover – ____________ and ___________. (T47)
A
- radiation and ventilation
51
Q
- _____________ is a heat-driven phenomenon. (T47)
A
- Flashover
52
Q
- Nearing flashover, ________________becomes the dominant method of heat transfer, and the heat flux is sufficient to quickly raise the temperature of the fuel packages in the compartment to their ignition temperature. (T48)
A
- radiant heat
53
Q
- NFPA _______ prohibits the use of fuel such as polyurethane mattresses and requires removal of synthetic carpeting and pad due to the high heat of combustion and heat release rate of these types of materials. (T48) (NFPA ______ Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions.)
A
- NFPA 1403
54
Q
- An increase in ventilation (such as opening a door or window) can result in a _________________ (explosively rapid combustion) called a_____________. (T51)
A
- deflagration, backdraft
55
Q
- To some degree, the violence of backdraft is dependent on the extent to which the________________________________. The more confined the deflagration, the more violent it will be. (T52)
A
fuel/air mixture is confined
56
Q
- Unlike ghosting or rollover, a ________________ involves ignition of a mixture of air and flammable combustion products that are already within the flammable range. (T54)
A
- smoke explosion
57
Q
- It is important to understand the ________________ related to extreme fire behavior such as flashover, backdraft, and smoke explosions. (T55)
A
- initiating events
58
Q
- The ___________________________________ were developed after reviewing a number of risk management models currently being used in the fire service. The three most prominent models considered were those developed by the Phoenix (AZ) Fire Department, NFPA® 1500, and the Ten Rules of Engagement for Structural Fire Fighting developed by the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC). (T63)
A
- IFSTA Principles of Risk Management
59
Q
- Adapted from the British fire service, _________________________can be defined as: A continuous process of identifying hazards and risks and taking steps to eliminate or reduce them in the rapidly changing circumstances of an operational incident. (T63)
A
- Dynamic Risk Assessment
60
Q
- The term ____________ is used to describe the ongoing assessment of an ever-changing situation. (T63)
A
- dynamic
61
Q
- The _______________ of the Dynamic Risk Assessment model has two equally important components: organizational responsibilities and individual responsibilities.
A
- safe person element
62
Q
- A blue-ribbon committee of the International Association of Fire Chiefs studied a safety system that has been adopted by several industries and the U.S. military. The committee concluded that if the system were adopted by the fire service, the number of firefighter injuries and fatalities could be reduced. This comprehensive program is called______________________________. (T64)
A
- Crew Resource Management (CRM)
63
Q
- The _______________ provides better teamwork, improved communication and problem solving, promotes team member input while preserving legal authority, and provides for proactive accident prevention. (T64)
A
- CRM program
64
Q
- Heavy fire—no progress after _______minutes in wood or ordinary construction. (T70)
A
- 10-12 minutes
65
Q
- To help reduce the risk of firefighters being inside a burning building when it collapses, it is standard operating procedure in many departments to keep track of the elapsed time after the beginning of the initial attack. For example, in some departments the IC notifies dispatch when the initial attack begins, and dispatch announces the elapsed time at specified intervals — perhaps every _____ minutes. (T71)
A
- 5 minutes
66
Q
- If significant progress toward control and extinguishment has not been achieved after a specified number minutes, all interior crews are ordered out, the attack mode is changed from offensive to defensive, and a personnel accountability report (PAR) is ordered. Some departments that had previously established _____ minutes as the SOP for ordering all interior crews out have reduced that time significantly based on past experiences. (T71)
A
- 20 minutes
67
Q
- Incident Management System = System described in NFPA ________, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System, that defines the roles, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations. Such systems may also be referred to as Incident Command Systems (ICS). (T71)
A
- NFPA 1561
68
Q
- ________________________= System by which facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications are organized to operate within a common organizational structure designed to aid in the management of resources at emergency incidents. (T71)
A
- Incident Command System (ICS)
69
Q
- Because a _______________________________-compliant incident management system provides a coherent organizational structure and common communications on the fireground, it is easier for fire units and their members to remain oriented and focused on the job at hand. Orientation and focus promote safe and effective fireground operations. (T71)
A
- National Incident Management System (NIMS)
70
Q
- A number of different ________________________are used in North America; however, they all have the same purpose — to control movement into and out of a hazardous environment. (T72)
A
- accountability systems (Not Hazard or control zone.)
71
Q
- PARs may be requested at the Incident Commander’s (IC) or Incident Safety Officer’s (ISO) discretion, at specified intervals, or due to the occurrence of a________________. (T72)
A
- benchmark event
71
Q
- ** The use of an ____________________is required by NFPA® 1500, Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, and NFPA® 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System. (T73)
A
- accountability system
72
Q
- _______________= A magnesium silicate mineral that occurs as slender, strong flexible fibers. Breathing of _________dust causes __________and lung cancer. (T74)
A
- Asbestos, asbestos, asbestiosis
73
Q
- _______________ = Colorless, odorless gas. Inhalation of carbon monoxide causes headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, nausea, unconsciousness, and death. Exposure to as little as 0.2% _________________ can result in unconsciousness within 30 minutes. Inhalation of high concentration can result in immediate collapse and unconsciousness. (T74)
A
- Carbon Monoxide
74
Q
- ________________ = Colorless gas with a pungent irritating odor that is highly irritating to the nose. 50-100 ppm can cause severe irritation to the respiratory track and serious injury. Exposure to high concentrations can cause injury to the skin. ________________ is a suspected carcinogen.(T74)
A
- Formaldehyde
75
Q
- _________________ = Reddish brown gas or yellowish-brown liquid, which is highly toxic and corrosive. (T74)
A
- Nitrogen dioxide
76
Q
- _______________ = Small particles that can be inhaled and be deposited in the mouth, trachea, or the lungs. Exposure to ______________ can cause eye irritation, respiratory distress (in addition to health hazards specifically related to the particular substances involved).
A
- Particulates
77
Q
- _______________ = Colorless gas with a choking or suffocating odor. __________ is toxic and corrosive and can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. (T74)
A
- Sulfur dioxide
78
Q
- A timely and accurate initial size-up, followed by a succession of subsequent assessments of the fireground situation, are critical safety elements. These practices are sometimes called_________________________ . (T74)
A
- Dynamic Risk Assessment
79
Q
- ________________ is one of the most important safety factors on any emergency scene. One of the reasons for keeping a crew intact is to __________________ between individual crew members and between crew members and their supervisor. (T78)
A
- Communication, maintain communication
80
Q
- The communication most directly involved in firefighter safety and survival is____________________________________. One aspect of fireground communication related to safety is the use of appropriate______________________. (T78)
A
- that which takes place on the fireground, terminology
81
Q
- What makes the two-in/two-out rule work is ______________________— between crew members, between crews, and between operational units (Divisions, Groups) and Command. (T78)
A
- communication
82
Q
- Compliance with departmental SOPs can be accomplished in two ways: ___________________ and ___________________. (T79)
A
- voluntary compliance and enforcement
83
Q
- _______________________is necessary when there is a lack of voluntary compliance with safety SOPs on the fireground. (T79)
A
- Enforcement
84
Q
- ______________________of departmental SOPs regarding fire-fighter safety and survival on the fireground also has two aspects: education and coercive action. (T79)
A
- Enforcement
85
Q
- ** While two firefighters may be sufficient to locate a firefighter in distress, it may take a _______________ firefighters to effect the rescue. (T80)
A
- A dozen or more
86
Q
- Being lost or trapped in a burning building is a very stressful experience — for those in distress as well as those trying to come to their aid. However, if firefighters in this situation have been trained in __________________________ (sometimes called by the misnomer_________) and apply them quickly and calmly, their chances of survival are greatly enhanced. (T82)
A
- emergency escape techniques, self-rescue
87
Q
- When firefighters are trapped in a burning building, their first priority is to_________. Their first actions should be to initiate a Mayday (if possible), activate their PASS devices, and___________________. (T82)
A
- survive, seek safe refuge
88
Q
- Because the sound of a PASS device can make transmitting and receiving radio messages difficult or impossible, trapped firefighters will have to mute them or turn them off to use their radios. To use their radios, trapped firefighters may have to alternately turn their PASS devices on and off for _______________ intervals to allow them to hear transmissions from the RIC or other emergency traffic. (T83)
A
- one-minute
89
Q
- ** Removing the wall between any two adjacent studs will only create an opening approximately ____ inches wide. (T86)
A
- 14 inches wide
90
Q
- Historically, the work that has come to be known as _______________ at structure fires was originally done by civilian salvage crews hired by fire insurance companies. (T93) (Not salvage or overhaul.)
A
- loss control
91
Q
- The purpose of all preincident planning, including that for______________, is to increase incident safety, efficiency, and effectiveness. (T94)
A
- loss control
92
Q
- For the firefighters assigned to control and extinguish a structure fire, _____________________________helps them make faster and more informed on-scene decisions. (T94)
A
- preincident loss control information
93
Q
- ____________________is usually accomplished through an ongoing program of preincident planning surveys. (T95)
A
- Risk identification
94
Q
- _____________________can make firefighters more likely to miss subtle danger signs in the damaged structure such as creaking, cracking, or other sounds that might otherwise alert them to an impending structural collapse. __________________ reduces strength and coordination and slows reflexes — all of which increase the likelihood of injury while operating tools and equipment. _________ could make the firefighters less capable of reacting to and escaping from any dangerous situation that might suddenly develop. (T102)
A
- Mental exhaustion, Physical exhaustion, Fatigue
95
Q
- ____________________— a strong respiratory irritant produced when polyethylene is heated and when items containing cellulose, such as wood and other natural materials smolder. It is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and tear gas. (T104)
A
- Acrolein (CH2=CHCHO)
96
Q
- ____________________— a colorless but very pungent and irritating gas given off in the thermal decomposition of materials containing chlorine such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics. (T104)
A
- Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
97
Q
- ____________________— a colorless gas with a characteristic almond odor. Twenty times more toxic than CO, it is an asphyxiant and can be absorbed through the skin. _____ is produced in the combustion of natural materials, such as wool and silk, which contain nitrogen. It is also produced when polyurethane foam and other plastics that contain urea burn. The concentrated bulk chemical is also used in electroplating.(T104)
A
- Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
98
Q
- ____________________— a colorless, odorless, and nonflammable gas produced in free-burning fires. While it is nontoxic, ____ can asphyxiate by excluding the oxygen from a confined space. It is also a respiratory accelerant that can increase the intake of other toxic gases. (T104)
A
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
99
Q
- _____________________— two toxic and dangerous gases liberated in the combustion of pyroxylin plastics. Because ____________readily converts to ________________in the presence of oxygen and moisture, _______________ is the substance of most concern to firefighters. _______________is a pulmonary irritant that can also have a delayed systemic effect. The vapors and smoke from the _______________have a reddish brown or copper color. (T104)
A
- Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen
100
Q
- _____________________— a highly toxic, colorless gas with a disagreeable odor of musty hay. It may be produced when refrigerants, such as Freon, contact flame. ________ can be expected in fires in cold-storage facilities or in fires involving heavy-duty HVAC systems. It is a strong pulmonary irritant, the full harmful effect of which is not evident for several hours after exposure. (T104)
A
- Phosgene (CCl2O), phosgene
101
Q
- If there are sufficient on-scene resources, firefighters should start salvage operations on the floor _______________as soon it is safe to do so.(T109)
A
- Below the fire
102
Q
- To reduce _________________from fires, firefighters should salvage as much of the occupant’s property as possible while overhauling the fire. (T114)
A
- economic losses
103
Q
- With a departmental commitment to support customer service and loss control, firefighters can reduce the ___________________of the fire on the occupant. (T114)
A
- psychological impact
104
Q
- ______________________________is a free publication from the U.S. Fire Administration and is a good resource for those who have suffered a fire loss. (T117)
A
- After the Fire! Returning to Normal
105
Q
- ** To ensure that ladders are safe to use when needed, firefighters must follow the maintenance procedures recommended by the ladder manufacturer, as prescribed in departmental SOPs, and as specified in NFPA _____, Standard on Use, Maintenance, and Service Testing of In-Service Fire Department Ground Ladders. (T125)
A
- NFPA 1932
106
Q
- The _________________ of a ladder is always shorter than its actual length because of the safe climbing and working angle. (T125)
A
- effective length
107
Q
- ** As discussed in Essentials, the ideal climbing angle for ground ladders is____ degrees from horizontal. (T125)
A
- 75 degrees from horizontal
108
Q
- ** At angles less than _____ degrees, the distance between personnel on the ladder should be increased. (T125)
A
- Less than 75 degrees
109
Q
- The __________________of a ladder in position is the vertical distance above the ground where the ladder contacts the building — not the full length of the ladder. (T126)
A
- used length
110
Q
- The ladder selected must not only be long enough to reach the objective at a safe climbing angle, but must also extend ______ to _______ above any parapet or roof eave. (T126)
A
- three to five rungs
110
Q
- ______________________is needed when raising and extending ladders. (T127)
A
- Hand/eye coordination
111
Q
- _____________________is critical when calculating required ladder length and when positioning ladders. (T127)
A
- Depth perception
112
Q
- Any firefighter fitness program should meet the requirements of the applicable NFPA® standards. ** The most relevant fitness related standards are NFPA______, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program and NFPA _______, Standard on Health-Related Fitness Programs for Fire Department Members.
A
- NFPA 1500. NFPA 1583
113
Q
- ** A minimum of _____ firefighters are required to raise a pole ladder, but adding a fifth or sixth firefighter to the team increases both safety and efficiency.
A
- Four
114
Q
- ** If the window opening is wide enough to permit the ladder tip to project into it and still allow room beside it to facilitate entry/exit and rescue, the ladder can be placed so that it extends ____ or _____ rungs into the window opening. (T135)
A
- Two or three rungs
115
Q
- In the absence of an aerial device, ground ladders are the primary means of gaining access to the roof of structures up to _______ stories in height. (T139)
A
- Four stories in height
116
Q
- ** If the gap between the buildings is not more than ________ its length, a single ladder can be laid on the roof of one building and the tip simply slid over to the other building. (T142)
A
- One-third
117
Q
- ________________ uses of ladders are those that do not involve climbing up or down the ladder. (T140)
A
- Nonstandard
118
Q
- Some ________________uses for fire service ground ladders include mechanical advantage systems, positioning intake strainers, water removal, and bridging. (T140)
A
- Nonstandard
119
Q
- While there are other possible uses of ladders in mechanical advantage systems, the most common application is in_________________________________________. (T140)
A
- lowering injured victims from points above grade
120
Q
- While ladders can be used to construct a variety of water removal contrivances, they are most often used to construct______________. (T141)
A
- water chutes
121
Q
- Water chutes are constructed using ______________________ to channel water from upper floors out of the structure. (T142)
A
- A-frame ladders
122
Q
- If the gap between the buildings is not more than __________its length, a single ladder can be laid on the roof of one building and the tip simply slid over to the other building. (T142)
A
- one-third
123
Q
- Although it can be described in many different ways, ____________ is simply the process of making careful observations and drawing reasonable conclusions from those observations. (T149)
A
- size-up
124
Q
- ** Size-up for a structure fire incident typically starts with the ______________. (T152)
A
- Initial dispatch
125
Q
- The ______________ has a number of possible effects on the size-up of a structure fire. This factor may increase or decrease the likelihood of the building being occupied or of a fire being discovered and reported. (T152)
A
- time of day
126
Q
- Because of differences in response times and differences in occupant loads, the need for laddering buildings and conducting search and rescue operations may increase or decrease because of the ______________________. (T153)
A
- day of the week
126
Q
- From the standpoint of truck company operations, the size-up recommended by the ______________________________________________is a reasonably good model. (T156)
A
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
127
Q
- For their own safety and for the effectiveness of fireground operations, fire-fighters must learn to accurately_________________. (T158)
A
- analyze smoke
128
Q
- It is vitally important for firefighters to understand the relationship between ________________________and fire behavior. (T160)
A
- building construction
129
Q
- The ______ of a burning building can be a very critical factor for firefighters to assess in their size-up of the structure. (T160)
A
- age
130
Q
- Older _________________________ buildings often trap heat and smoke inside and are sometimes prone to wall collapse. (T160)
A
- brick (unreinforced masonry [URM])
131
Q
- Some buildings may have______________________, such as the bowstring or Lamella types, and be covered with many layers of composition roofing or other materials. (T161)
A
- unsupported arched roofs
132
Q
- _______________ buildings may resist the effects of fire but add to the risk of wall collapse. (T161)
A
- Masonry
133
Q
- _______________ buildings, especially if well insulated, may contain a fire long enough that it can develop into major proportions before it is discovered. (T162)
A
- Metal buildings
134
Q
- Frequent _____________ are the best way for firefighters to become familiar with the characteristics of the buildings in their response districts and to keep that knowledge current. (T162)
A
- surveys
135
Q
- ** Both residential and commercial buildings constructed before the middle of the twentieth century commonly had high ceilings, some _____ feet or more, but many of them have since had dropped (false) ceilings installed during renovation. (T162)
A
- 10 feet or more
136
Q
- ** If a firefighter crawling on the floor of a smoke-filled Victorian-style residence can touch the ceiling with a ___-foot pike pole, there is probably a false ceiling in that room. (T162)
A
- 6-foot pike pole
137
Q
- These confined spaces are constructed in various sizes and configurations, and from a wide variety of materials. However, regardless of whether it is the typical small crawl space between the ceiling and roof of a suburban dwelling, the common attic in a strip mall, or the cavernous ___________or interstitial space above a large commercial or manufacturing occupancy, most _________have certain characteristics in common. (T164)
A
- cockloft, attics
138
Q
- Because they make efficient use of space, a growing number of ____________________ and __________________ can be found in many cities and towns in North America. Most are two- or three-story, wood-frame, multiple-residential buildings that may or may not have _________________separating the units. (T165)
A
- townhouse apartments and condominiums, fire walls
139
Q
- Because ____________________units often have skylights that incorporate a plastic bubble, the bubble will often melt and fall out, creating a vertical opening through which smoke and heat from a fire on the ground floor can escape from the roof. (T166)
A
- townhouse
140
Q
- ** A recent trend in residential construction in North America has been the emergence of extremely large dwellings compared to those built in the middle to late twentieth century. These single-family residences are commonly between ________ and _______ square feet, and some even larger. (T162)
A
- 5,000 to 10,000
141
Q
- Depending upon when, where, and how _________________buildings were constructed, they have the potential to produce some of the largest and most dangerous structure fires that many firefighters will ever face. (T167)
A
- Warehouse
142
Q
- In many interior structure fires, the most serious concerns for firefighters are related more to the ________________________than its construction. Some of these concerns are related to the __________________ while others are related to the nature of the materials that are stored and used in the buildings. (T170)
A
- contents of the building, occupant loads
143
Q
- While the universal priorities of life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation remain the same, ________________________may necessitate different approaches to addressing these priorities. For example, the most common fuel control problem that truck company personnel face is making sure that the gas supply to a burning building is secured. (T179)
A
- situational differences
144
Q
- The main control valve on heavy-duty gas meters may simply be a larger version of the ____________________________common to residential and light commercial buildings. (T179)
A
- quarter-turn crossbar valve
145
Q
- Because natural gas is lighter than air, it will tend to rise. Therefore, firefighters need to be most concerned about evacuating everyone and eliminating ignition sources located_______________________________. (T181) (Not down wind)
A
- above the point of release
146
Q
- When any LPG tank — regardless of size — is involved in fire, the possibility of a __________________________________________is ever-present. (T181)
A
- boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
147
Q
- ** Evacuations should be made at least ___ mile away from a LPG tank that has the potential for BLEVE. (T182)
A
- At least ½ mile
148
Q
- ____________________ is sometimes stored in underground tanks that are connected to the heating appliance by copper or aluminum tubing. * In multifamily residential buildings, there can be _______________ of gallons (liters) of fuel oil located in the basement. (T183)
A
Heating oil, hundreds
149
Q
- Some industrial heaters or boilers use steam or air atomizers, but most residential units use mechanical atomizers. Considering that the oil pressure required for maximum efficiency ranges from _______ to ________ psi, any of these systems may be dangerous to firefighters who are unfamiliar with them. (T184)
A
- 600 to 1000 psi
150
Q
- ** The DOT ERG 2008 recommends staging anywhere from ____ to ___ feet from the source of both LPG and natural gas leaks. (T185)
A
- 160 to 330 feet
151
Q
- One way to assess a flammable gas leak is by using______________________. These handheld devices not only detect the presence of a combustible gas, they also indicate its concentration. Some of these units express the gas detected in parts per million (ppm) and others as _______________________________. (T186)
A
- combustible gas indicators (CGI), a percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
152
Q
- Because natural gas is slightly lighter than air, the readings should not be taken near the ground. Instead, they should be taken at______________________. (T186)
A
- waist height or higher
153
Q
- ** Since the LEL for natural gas is ____ percent (50,000 ppm), many fire departments establish the perimeter at ____ percent of that figure — 0.5 percent (5,000 ppm). However, because the lower explosive limit for propane is 1.5 percent (15,000 ppm), any reading above 0.15 percent (1500 ppm) may be too dangerous, and it may be advisable to locate control points where readings indicate a lower concentration. (T186)
A
- 5 percent. 10 percent
154
Q
- When monitoring for LPG, readings should be taken____________________. (T186)
A
- close to the ground
155
Q
- Figure 7.15 Readings with the CGI should be taken at____________________. (T187)
A
- waist height
156
Q
- Even though banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for many years, the oil in some older transformers may contain_________________________________, which are known carcinogens. (T191)
A
- polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
157
Q
- A common error is to establish a perimeter that is too small. As described in Essentials, the recommended isolation distance is that equal to _________________ between the adjacent poles or towers in all directions from a break in a wire or the point of contact with the ground. (T193)
A
- one full span
158
Q
- ________________________ can detect unshielded AC current through snow, ice, and many solid objects. (T194)
A
- Alternating current detectors
159
Q
- Under ideal conditions, these devices may be able to detect AC current in a single 120-volt line from as far as ____ feet. However, if the conductor is lying on wet soil, the range may be reduced to as little as _______. With higher potentials, such as those in distribution and transmission lines, the detection range can increase to more than ________ feet. (T194)
A
- 15 feet, 1 foot, 500 feet.
160
Q
- When power from the normal utility source fails, some emergency generators may start automatically. If these units are not disconnected from the system, the power lines can be reenergized with ______ volts from the generators. (T195)
A
- 240 volts
161
Q
- _______________ can also be used to detect hidden wires. Electrical current creates heat whenever it encounters _____________ in a circuit, and the heat is created______________________, not throughout the circuit. (T195)
A
- Thermal imagers, resistance, at the point of resistance
162
Q
- ** If extinguishing a fire on an upper floor of a 50 × 100-foot building results in 6 inches of water accumulating on the floor, the total weight of that water exceeds ____ tons (68 t). (T195)
A
- 75 tons
163
Q
- A growing number of single-family residences have full or partial sprinkler systems installed. As in the larger commercial systems, a separate valve from the one that controls the domestic water supply controls the water supply to the sprinklers. But unlike the commercial systems, the valve controlling the water supply to residential sprinklers may be either a __________________ or the same type of _____________as is used to control the domestic water supply. (T196)
A
- small OS&Y valve, gate valve
164
Q
- On most small residential buildings, a single _____________ in the main line between the water meter and the building controls the water supply. (T197)
A
- gate valve
