Matt's Driver Bible SRATEGY 1st version Flashcards
1
Q
- _____________ describes the meeting point between fire science, materials science, fluid dynamics of gases, and heat transfer. (S9)
A
- Fire dynamics
2
Q
- ** The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is ______ joules. (S11)
A
- 4.2 joules
3
Q
- Fuels hold a certain amount of potential energy before ignition, based on chemical composition. This potential energy available for release in the combustion process is known as the________________________. (S10-11.)
A
- heat of combustion
4
Q
- ** A Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. When comparing joules and Btu, _______ J = 1 Btu. (S11)
A
- 1055 J = 1 BTU
5
Q
- In the case of_____________, there is no well-defined inlet or outlet, as the air is entrained (drawn in) from all around the burning fuel. (S14)
A
- open burning
6
Q
- _______________________ = Colorless, odorless gas. Inhalation of _________________ causes headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, nausea, unconsciousness, and death. Exposure to as little as 0.2 percent _________________ can result in unconsciousness within 30 minutes. Inhalation of high concentration can result in immediate collapse and unconsciousness. (S15)
A
- Carbon monoxide
7
Q
- ____________________ = Colorless gas with a pungent, irritating odor that is highly irritating to the nose. 50-100 ppm can cause severe irritation to the respiratory tract and serious injury. Exposure to high concentrations can cause injury to the skin. _______________ is a suspected carcinogen. (S15)
A
- Formaldehyde
8
Q
- ____________________ = Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid below 79° F, produced by the combustion of nitrogen-bearing substances. It is a chemical asphyxiant that acts to prevent the body from using oxygen. It is commonly encountered in smoke in concentrations lower than carbon monoxide. (S15)
A
- Hydrogen cyanide
9
Q
- _____________________ = Reddish-brown gas or yellowish-brown liquid, which is highly toxic and corrosive. (S15)
A
- Nitrogen dioxide
10
Q
- ___________________ = Small particles that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth, trachea, or the lungs. Exposure to particulates can cause eye irritation and respiratory distress (in addition to health hazards specifically related to the particular substances involved).
A
- Particulates
11
Q
- ____________________ = Colorless gas with a choking or suffocating odor. ______________ is toxic and corrosive, and can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. (S15)
A
- Sulfer dioxide
11
Q
- ** CO molecules attach to hemoglobin, decreasing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, as it combines with hemoglobin about __________times more effectively than oxygen.
A
- 200 times
12
Q
- ** _____________________is a toxic and flammable substance produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen.
A
- Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
13
Q
- Smoke frequently contains ______, although at lower concentrations than CO.
A
- HCN
14
Q
- Incomplete combustion of substances that contain nitrogen and carbon produces ____.
A
- HCN
15
Q
- ** HCN is a significant byproduct of the combustion of ____________________ used in many household furnishings.
A
- Polyurethane foam
16
Q
- ** HCN is ____ times more toxic than CO.
A
- 35 times
17
Q
- HCN acts as a chemical asphyxiant with a different mechanism of action than CO. HCN prevents the body from using oxygen at the _________ level.
A
- Cellular
18
Q
- Inhaled __________ enters the bloodstream and prevents the blood cells from using oxygen properly, killing the cells.
A
- Inhaled HCN
19
Q
- CO2 is a product of complete combustion of __________ materials.
A
- Organic materials
20
Q
- CO2 acts as a respiratory _____________.
A
- Stimulant
21
Q
- ** More than ____________ irritants in smoke have been identified, including hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, and acrolein.
A
- Twenty irritants
22
Q
- A working knowledge of fire dynamics requires an understanding of temperature, energy, and power or___________________. (S18)
A
- heat release rate (HRR)
23
Q
- _______is the thermal kinetic energy needed to release a fuel’s potential chemical energy. (S18)
A
- Heat
24
Q
- ____________energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions. (S19)
A
- Chemical
25
Q
- ____________ frequently causes exposure fires. (S24)
A
- Radiation
26
Q
- ** Power indicates the rate at which energy transfers. Another way to describe power is the rate at which energy converts between forms. The standard international (SI) unit for power is the ______. One _____ is 1 joule per second (J/s). (S25)
A
- watt (W). watt
27
Q
- A fuel’s __________influences its heat of combustion and HRR. The fuel’s _____________________ equals the total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of that fuel burns. (S25)
A
- chemical content, heat of combustion
28
Q
- ______ represents the energy released per unit of time as a fuel burns, usually expressed in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW). (S25)
A
- HRR
29
Q
- FLASH POINT OF GASOLINE IS: ______ degrees F. (S28)
A
- -45 degrees F
30
Q
- FIRE POINT OF GASOLINE IS: _____ to ____degrees F. (S28)
A
- -40 to -35 degrees F
31
Q
- Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at temperatures under ______° F present a significant flammability hazard.(S28)
A
- 100 degrees
32
Q
- ** Pyrolysis of wood begins at temperatures below ______° F, lower than the temperature required for ignition of the released vapors. (S29)
A
- Below 400 degrees
33
Q
- Ignition of PUF occurs at ____ F. Auto-ignition of PUF can occur at temperatures in the range of ____ F to ____F. (PUF = Polyurethane Foam) (S30)
A
- 698°, 797° to 833°
34
Q
- ** Normally, air consists of about ___ percent oxygen. (S31)
A
- 21 percent
35
Q
- ** At normal ambient temperatures (68° F), materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as ___ percent. (S32)
A
- 15 percent
36
Q
- ** Typically, an atmosphere having less than _____ percent oxygen is considered oxygen-deficient and presents a hazard to persons not wearing respiratory protection, such as SCBA. (S32)
A
- 19.5 percent
37
Q
- ** When the atmosphere’s oxygen concentration exceeds _____ percent, the atmosphere is considered oxygen-enriched and presents an increased fire risk. (S32)
A
- 23.5 percent
38
Q
- ** When placed in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere of approximately _____ percent oxygen, Nomex® ignites and burns vigorously. (S32)
A
- 31 percent
39
Q
- Methane FR = ___%-___%
A
- Methane FR = 5%-15%
40
Q
- Propane FR = ___% - ___%
A
- Propane FR = 2.1% - 9.5%
41
Q
- Carbon Monoxide FR = ___% -___%
A
- Carbon Monoxide FR = 12% -75%
42
Q
- Gasoline FR = ___% - ___%
A
- Gasoline FR = 1.4% - 7.4%
43
Q
- Diesel FR = ___% - ___%
A
- Diesel FR = 1.3% - 6%
44
Q
- Ethanol FR = ___% - ___%
A
- Ethanol FR = 3.3% - 19%
45
Q
- Methanol FR = ___% - ___%
A
- Methanol FR = 6% - 35.5%
46
Q
- ** A visual indicator that a fire is leaving the incipient stage is flame height. When flames reach ____ ft high, radiated heat begins to transfer more heat than convection.(S36)
A
- 2.5 feet high
47
Q
- When the fuel package is not in the middle of the room, the _________________(the area where air is available to feed the fire) expands vertically, and a higher plume results. (S37)
A
- combustion zone
48
Q
- The appearance of isolated flames is sometimes an immediate indicator of___________________. (S39)
A
- flashover
49
Q
- ** As flashover occurs, the gas temperatures in the room reach ________° F or higher. (S42)
A
- 1,100 degrees
49
Q
- ** During flashover, the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately ____ to _____ of the room’s upper volume to fill the entire volume and extend out of any openings. (S42)
A
- ¼ to ½ of the rooms upper volume
50
Q
- ** NOTE: The autoignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires, is approximately _________ ° F. (S43)
A
- 1,100 degrees
51
Q
- ** WARNING: Wind-driven conditions can occur in any type of structure. Wind speeds as low as ___ mph can create wind-driven fire conditions. (S52)
A
- 10 mph
52
Q
- Any open space with no complete, dividing fire barrier is considered a______________. (S58)
A
- compartment
53
Q
- ** In single-family residential structures, the square footage of houses increased over ____ percent between 1973 and 2008. (S58)
A
- 150 percent
54
Q
- ** For steel trusses, _____° F is the critical temperature of steel — the temperature at which steel begins to weaken. (S60)
A
- 1000 degrees
55
Q
- An arched or curved outline often indicates a ______________roof. * Before 1960, the ________________ roof design was one of the most common design types for large commercial and industrial structures. (S61)
A
- bowstring truss, bowstring truss
56
Q
- Prefire surveys should provide information on hidden construction features and should be consulted during __________ and operations. (S61)
A
- size-up
57
Q
- Type I — _________________.
A
- Fire-resistive
58
Q
- Type II —____________________________.
A
- Noncombustible/limited combustible.
59
Q
- Type III — ________________.
A
- Ordinary.
60
Q
- Type IV — ________________.
A
- Heavy timber.
61
Q
- Type V — _________________.
A
- Wood frame.
62
Q
- ** In Type I construction, all structural members consist of _______________ materials with high fire-resistance ratings, unless exempted by the building code. (S72)
A
- Noncombustible