Matts Driver Bible STRATEGYFull and Final

Question 1

440. The ____________ ends with control of the incident, transfer of command to a battalion or district chief, or expansion of the incident management system to a higher level involving additional units and agencies.(S1)

Answer 1

440. initial response

Question 2

441. _____________ describes the meeting point between fire science, materials science, fluid dynamics of gases, and heat transfer. (S9)

Answer 2

441. Fire dynamics

Question 3

442. _______________is the study of matter and energy and includes chemistry and physics. (S9)

Answer 3

442. Physical science

Question 4

443. ** The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is ______ joules. (S11)

Answer 4

443. 4.2 joules

Question 5

444. • Fuels hold a certain amount of potential energy before ignition, based on chemical composition. This potential energy available for release in the combustion process is known as the________________________. (S10-11.)

Answer 5

444. heat of combustion

Question 6

445. ** A Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. When comparing joules and Btu, _______ J = 1 Btu. (S11)

Answer 6

445. 1055 J = 1 BTU

Question 7

446. In the case of_____________, there is no well-defined inlet or outlet, as the air is entrained (drawn in) from all around the burning fuel. (S14)

Answer 7

446. open burning

Question 8

447. _______________________ = Colorless, odorless gas. Inhalation of _________________ causes headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, nausea, unconsciousness, and death. Exposure to as little as 0.2 percent _________________ can result in unconsciousness within 30 minutes. Inhalation of high concentration can result in immediate collapse and unconsciousness. (S15)

Answer 8

447. Carbon monoxide

Question 9

448. ____________________ = Colorless gas with a pungent, irritating odor that is highly irritating to the nose. 50-100 ppm can cause severe irritation to the respiratory tract and serious injury. Exposure to high concentrations can cause injury to the skin. _______________ is a suspected carcinogen. (S15)

Answer 9

448. Formaldehyde

Question 10

449. ____________________ = Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid below 79° F, produced by the combustion of nitrogen-bearing substances. It is a chemical asphyxiant that acts to prevent the body from using oxygen. It is commonly encountered in smoke in concentrations lower than carbon monoxide. (S15)

Answer 10

449. Hydrogen cyanide

Question 11

450. _____________________ = Reddish-brown gas or yellowish-brown liquid, which is highly toxic and corrosive. (S15)

Answer 11

450. Nitrogen dioxide

Question 12

451. ___________________ = Small particles that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth, trachea, or the lungs. Exposure to particulates can cause eye irritation and respiratory distress (in addition to health hazards specifically related to the particular substances involved).

Answer 12

451. Particulates

Question 13

452. ____________________ = Colorless gas with a choking or suffocating odor. ______________ is toxic and corrosive, and can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. (S15)

Answer 13

452. Sulfer dioxide

Question 14

453. ** CO molecules attach to hemoglobin, decreasing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, as it combines with hemoglobin about __________times more effectively than oxygen.

Answer 14

453. 200 times

Question 15

454. ** _____________________is a toxic and flammable substance produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen.

Answer 15

454. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

Question 16

456. Incomplete combustion of substances that contain nitrogen and carbon produces ____.

Answer 16

456. HCN

Question 17

455. Smoke frequently contains ______, although at lower concentrations than CO.

Answer 17

455. HCN

Question 18

457. ** HCN is a significant byproduct of the combustion of ____________________ used in many household furnishings.

Answer 18

457. Polyurethane foam

Question 19

458. ** HCN is ____ times more toxic than CO.

Answer 19

458. 35 times

Question 20

459. • HCN acts as a chemical asphyxiant with a different mechanism of action than CO. HCN prevents the body from using oxygen at the _________ level.

Answer 20

459. Cellular

Question 21

461. CO2 is a product of complete combustion of __________ materials.

Answer 21

461. Organic materials

Question 22

460. Inhaled __________ enters the bloodstream and prevents the blood cells from using oxygen properly, killing the cells.

Answer 22

460. Inhaled HCN

Question 23

462. CO2 acts as a respiratory _____________.

Answer 23

462. Stimulant

Question 24

464. A working knowledge of fire dynamics requires an understanding of temperature, energy, and power or___________________. (S18)

Answer 24

464. heat release rate (HRR)

Question 25

463. ** More than ____________ irritants in smoke have been identified, including hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, and acrolein.

Answer 25

463. Twenty irritants

Question 26

465. _______is the thermal kinetic energy needed to release a fuel’s potential chemical energy. (S18)

Answer 26

465. Heat

Question 27

466. ____________energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions. (S19)

Answer 27

466. Chemical

Question 28

467. __________________, a form of oxidation, is a chemical reaction that increases the temperature of a material without adding external heat. (S19)

Answer 28

467. Self-heating

Question 29

468. Self-heating can lead to___________________, ignition without the addition of external heat. (S19)

Answer 29

468. spontaneous ignition

Question 30

469. ____________ frequently causes exposure fires. (S24)

Answer 30

469. Radiation

Question 31

470. • The rate at which heat transfers relates to the temperature differential of the objects and the _____________________of the materials involved. (S21)

Answer 31

470. thermal conductivity

Question 32

472. Table 1.6 shows the thermal conductivity of common materials at the same ambient temperature (68° F). For example, copper will conduct heat more than _______ times faster than steel. Likewise, steel is nearly ______ times as thermally conductive as concrete. ______ is the least able of most substances to conduct heat, so it is a good insulator.

Answer 32

472. seven, forty, Air

Question 33

471. ** Power indicates the rate at which energy transfers. Another way to describe power is the rate at which energy converts between forms. The standard international (SI) unit for power is the ______. One _____ is 1 joule per second (J/s). (S25)

Answer 33

471. watt (W). watt

Question 33

477. Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at temperatures under ______° F present a significant flammability hazard.(S28)

Answer 33

477. 100 degrees

Question 34

473. • A fuel’s __________influences its heat of combustion and HRR. The fuel’s _____________________ equals the total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of that fuel burns. (S25)

Answer 34

473. chemical content, heat of combustion

Question 35

474. ______ represents the energy released per unit of time as a fuel burns, usually expressed in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW). (S25)

Answer 35

474. HRR

Question 36

475. FLASH POINT OF GASOLINE IS: ______ degrees F. (S28)

Answer 36

475. -45 degrees F

Question 36

476. FIRE POINT OF GASOLINE IS: _____ to ____degrees F. (S28)

Answer 36

476. -40 to -35 degrees F

Question 37

479. Materials ___________ in water will mix in any proportion. (S29)

Answer 37

479. miscible

Question 38

478. __________ describes the extent to which a substance (in this case a liquid) will mix with water. (S29)

Answer 38

478. Solubility

Question 39

480. ** Pyrolysis of wood begins at temperatures below ______° F, lower than the temperature required for ignition of the released vapors. (S29)

Answer 39

480. Below 400 degrees

Question 40

482. ** Normally, air consists of about ___ percent oxygen. (S31)

Answer 40

482. 21 percent

Question 40

485. ** When the atmosphere’s oxygen concentration exceeds _____ percent, the atmosphere is considered oxygen-enriched and presents an increased fire risk. (S32)

Answer 40

485. 23.5 percent

Question 41

486. ** When placed in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere of approximately _____ percent oxygen, Nomex® ignites and burns vigorously. (S32)

Answer 41

486. 31 percent

Question 41

481. • Ignition of PUF occurs at ____ F. Auto-ignition of PUF can occur at temperatures in the range of ____ F to ____F. (PUF = Polyurethane Foam) (S30)

Answer 41

481. 698°, 797° to 833°

Question 42

483. ** At normal ambient temperatures (68° F), materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as ___ percent. (S32)

Answer 42

483. 15 percent

Question 42

484. ** Typically, an atmosphere having less than _____ percent oxygen is considered oxygen-deficient and presents a hazard to persons not wearing respiratory protection, such as SCBA. (S32)

Answer 42

484. 19.5 percent

Question 43

487. Methane FR = ___%-___%

Answer 43

487. Methane FR = 5%-15%

Question 44

488. Propane FR = ___% - ___%

Answer 44

488. Propane FR = 2.1% - 9.5%

Question 45

489. Carbon Monoxide FR = ___% -___%

Answer 45

489. Carbon Monoxide FR = 12% -75%

Question 46

490. Gasoline FR = ___% - ___%

Answer 46

490. Gasoline FR = 1.4% - 7.4%

Question 47

492. Ethanol FR = ___% - ___%

Answer 47

492. Ethanol FR = 3.3% - 19%

Question 48

491. Diesel FR = ___% - ___%

Answer 48

491. Diesel FR = 1.3% - 6%

Question 49

493. Methanol FR = ___% - ___%

Answer 49

493. Methanol FR = 6% - 35.5%

Question 50

494. • The self-sustained chemical reaction involved in flaming combustion is complex. As flaming combustion occurs, the molecules of a fuel gas and oxygen (O2) break apart to form ________________ (electrically charged, highly reactive parts of molecules). (S33)

Answer 50

494. free radicals

Question 51

The hot gases in the plume rise until they encounter the compartment ceiling and then spread horizontally. This flow of fire gases is the____________. (S36)

Answer 51

495. ceiling jet

Question 52

496. ** A visual indicator that a fire is leaving the incipient stage is flame height. When flames reach ____ ft high, radiated heat begins to transfer more heat than convection.(S36)

Answer 52

496. 2.5 feet high

Question 53

497. • When the fuel package is not in the middle of the room, the _________________(the area where air is available to feed the fire) expands vertically, and a higher plume results. (S37)

Answer 53

497. combustion zone

Question 54

498. Once the ceiling jet reaches the walls of the fire compartment, the _________ begins to develop. __________________ is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature, gas density, and pressure. (S38)

Answer 54

498. hot gas layer, Thermal layering

Question 55

499. • Changes in ventilation and _____________ can significantly alter thermal layering. (S38)

Answer 55

499. flow path

Question 56

500. • The appearance of isolated flames is sometimes an immediate indicator of___________________. (S39)

Answer 56

500. flashover

Question 57

501. ** As flashover occurs, the gas temperatures in the room reach ________° F or higher. (S42)

Answer 57

501. 1,100 degrees

Question 58

502. ** During flashover, the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately ____ to _____ of the room’s upper volume to fill the entire volume and extend out of any openings. (S42)

Answer 58

502. ¼ to ½ of the rooms upper volume

Question 59

503. ** NOTE: The autoignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires, is approximately _________ ° F. (S43)

Answer 59

503. 1,100 degrees

Question 60

504. • Survival rates for firefighters are extremely low in a flashover. At the floor level, a heat flux of approximately _____ kW/m2 is also typical of rollover conditions at the start of the flashover. Once flames affect a surface, the heat flux could range from ____ to ____ kW/m2. For frame of reference on heat flux, consider that NIST testing conducted in 2013 has shown that SCBA facepieces begin to fail after ______ minutes of exposure to a heat flux of ______ kW/m2. (S43)

Answer 60

504. 20 kW/m2, 60 to 200 kW/m2, five minutes, 15 kW/m2

Question 61

505. • The ___________________stage occurs when the fire’s HRR has peaked because of a lack of either fuel or oxygen. (S46)

Answer 61

505. fully developed

Question 62

506. Firefighters working in the exhaust portion of the flow path will feel the temperature rise as the velocity and/or turbulence increases, causing increased_______________________________. ________________________________ is a similar phenomenon to wind chill, except energy transfers from a hot fluid (gas) to a solid surface (PPE). (S50)

Answer 62

506. convective heat transfer, Convective heat transfer

Question 63

507. ** WARNING: Wind-driven conditions can occur in any type of structure. Wind speeds as low as ___ mph can create wind-driven fire conditions. (S52)

Answer 63

507. 10 mph

Question 64

508. • Any open space with no complete, dividing fire barrier is considered a______________. (S58)

Answer 64

508. compartment

Question 65

509. ** In single-family residential structures, the square footage of houses increased over ____ percent between 1973 and 2008. (S58)

Answer 65

509. 150 percent

Question 66

510. ** For steel trusses, _____° F is the critical temperature of steel — the temperature at which steel begins to weaken. (S60)

Answer 66

510. 1000 degrees

Question 67

511. • An arched or curved outline often indicates a ______________roof. * Before 1960, the ________________ roof design was one of the most common design types for large commercial and industrial structures. (S61)

Answer 67

511. bowstring truss, bowstring truss

Question 68

512. • Prefire surveys should provide information on hidden construction features and should be consulted during __________ and operations. (S61)

Answer 68

512. size-up

Question 69

513. Type I — _________________.

Answer 69

513. Fire-resistive

Question 70

514. Type II —____________________________.

Answer 70

514. Noncombustible/limited combustible.

Question 71

515. Type III — ________________.

Answer 71

515. Ordinary.

Question 72

516. Type IV — ________________.

Answer 72

516. Heavy timber.

Question 73

517. Type V — _________________.

Answer 73

517. Wood frame.

Question 74

518. ** In Type I construction, all structural members consist of _______________ materials with high fire-resistance ratings, unless exempted by the building code. (S72)

Answer 74

518. Noncombustible

Question 75

519. • Type ___ constructions are composed of noncombustible or protected noncombustible materials. (S72)

Answer 75

519. Type II

Question 76

520. • Non-wood materials used in Type IV construction must have a fire-resistance rating of at least_____________. (S74.)

Answer 76

520. one hour

Question 77

• ______________is defined as solid, built-up, panelized, or engineered wood products having minimum dimensions as set forth by the code. (S74)

Answer 77

521. Mass timber

Question 78

522. • Type IV construction materials now include___________________, an engineered wood product in which two or more pieces of timber are laminated together using durable adhesives. (S74)

Answer 78

522. laminated timber

Question 79

523. *In____________________________, the laminates layer with the grain to produce larger and longer members. (S74)

Answer 79

523. glue-laminated timber (glulam)

Question 80

524. *In________________________________, laminates are glued with the grain alternating at 90-degree angles for each layer. (S74)

Answer 80

524. cross-laminated timber (CLT)

Question 81

525. *________________, an assembly of two wood flanges connected by a wooden web, are used extensively in residential floor and roof framing. The web is made of 3/8-inch or 7/16-inch plywood. (S76)

Answer 81

525. I-joists (Not I-Beam!)

Question 82

526. • Since 2012, the International Residential Code (IRC) has required that _______inch gypsum board or equivalent protection be provided on the underside of floor framing members less than 2 x 10 inches nominal or larger framing members. (S76)

Answer 82

526. 1/2-inch

Question 83

527. ** Since _______, manufactured homes must meet the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (HUD Code). (S77)

Answer 83

527. 1976

Question 84

528. The HUD Code requires ______________ homes to be constructed on a chassis. (S77)

Answer 84

Manufactured

Question 85

529. _____________homes are also known as systems-built homes. Factory-built modules or sections are transported to and assembled at the housing site. (S77)

Answer 85

529. Modular

Question 86

530. • Unlike manufactured homes, __________homes conform to the same state, local, or regional building codes as site-built homes. (S77)

Answer 86

530. modular homes

Question 87

531. ** Use of asbestos has decreased dramatically in the U.S. since the ______, but asbestos exposure is still a concern in older buildings.

Answer 87

531. 1970s

Question 88

533. • In addition to a building’s construction type, information about the structure’s ________________________ enables firefighters to better deal with emergency incidents. (S77)

Answer 88

533. interior arrangement

Question 88

532. ** NFPA _______, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting.

Answer 88

532. NFPA 1851

Question 89

534. ** Standard ceilings rise ___ to ___ feet and vaulted or cathedral ceilings may reach higher than ____ feet. (S78)

Answer 89

534. 8 to 12 feet. 13 feet

Question 90

535. • Some open office floor plans subdivide by partitions into individual workstations or cubicles. These partitions generally stand __ to __ feet and may not be secured to the floor or to a permanent wall. (S78)

Answer 90

535. 4 to 6 feet

Question 91

536. ** Compartmentation is typical in _______ residential and commercial structures, office buildings, and schools. (S79)

Answer 91

536. Pre-1980

Question 92

537. A ______________or void is a nonoccupied area created by building construction. (S79)

Answer 92

537. concealed space

Question 93

538. Noncombustible materials and _______________ can help to reduce the fire hazard in concealed spaces.(S79)

Answer 93

538. firestopping

Question 94

539. __________________ provide a structure with passive insulation and sound barriers. They also provide paths for HVAC _____________ and other duct work. (S79)

Answer 94

539. Concealed spaces, plenums

Question 95

540. The space between the top floor of a structure and the roof is known as the ______ or ____________. (S80)

Answer 95

540. attic of cockloft

Question 96

541. • A __________ is a large, concealed space between the top floor ceiling and the underside of a roof deck in a commercial building or flat roof spaces. This non occupied space is normally 2 to 3 feet in height. (S80)

Answer 96

541. cockloft

Question 97

543. __________________ roofs (also known as lamella roofs) come from relatively short timbers of uniform length. (S83)

Answer 97

543. Trussless arched

Question 98

542. ** Ceiling height of a typical basement is approximately ___ to ___ feet, allowing the fire to rise rapidly. (S81)

Answer 98

542. 8 to 9 feet

Question 99

544. Energy conservation and___________________________ , such as photovoltaic and vegetative roof systems, present additional hazards for firefighters. (S84)

Answer 99

544. alternative energy features

Question 100

545. • High-rise buildings and/or any Type I building are not as likely to collapse, making falling glass from windows or ____________ the primary hazard. (S88)

Answer 100

545. curtain walls

Question 100

546. ** When exposed to temperatures above _________° F , unprotected steel expands and twists, pushing out walls, and slightly constricts when cooled. (S89)

Answer 100

546. 1000 degrees

Question 101

547. ** Steel expands .06 percent to .07 percent in length for each _____° F rise in temperature. It expands up to 9.5 inches when exposed to temperatures above 1,000° F and fails at ________° F. (S89)

Answer 101

547. 100 degree rise, 1,200° F

Question 102

548. ** _____ steel is the most commonly used structural steel in the United States. (S96)

Answer 102

548. A36 steel

Question 102

549. ______________________ products include wood joists, glulam, and laminates. (S93)

Answer 102

549. Engineered wood

Question 103

Examples of composite building materials include: (S93)
550. *____________________— Small pieces of wood joined into longer boards using epoxy resins and glues. (S93)

Answer 103

550. Finger-jointed timber

Question 104

Examples of composite building materials include: (S93)
551. *______________________— Also known as plywood or glulam wood, these sheets of wood are often used for roof and floor decking, walls, and stair treads. (S93)

Answer 104

551. Laminated timber

Question 105

Examples of composite building materials include: (S93)
552. *______________________— Another type of laminated wood product, MDF resembles hardwood. It is used for doors and door-surrounds, decorative moldings, rails, skirtings, and cornices. (S93)

Answer 105

552. Medium density fiberboard (MDF)

Question 106

Examples of composite building materials include: (S93)
553. *______________________— Made from small particles and flakes generated in the manufacture of lumber, ______________ is used for wall panels and furniture. Urea formaldehyde helps bind _______________ and can pose a health hazard due to off-gassing when heated. (S93)

Answer 106

553. Particle board

Question 107

555. _________ is the primary material used for structural support in large buildings. (S94)

Answer 107

555. Steel

Question 107

558. • Gypsum’s high water content gives it excellent heat-resistant and fire-retardant properties. It breaks down gradually under fire conditions through______________. (S98)

Answer 107

558. calcination

Question 107

Examples of composite building materials include: (S93)
554. *____________________— Produced in sheets and boards, this material is made from recycled plastic. _____________________ is primarily used for exterior rails, stairs, and decks. (S93)

Answer 107

554. Synthetic wood, Synthetic wood

Question 108

Steel loses strength at around ____° F. (S96)

Answer 108

556. 570 degrees

Question 108

565. ___________________ — Most comes from approximately 80 percent post-consumer recycled newspaper by weight; the rest is composed of fire-retardant chemicals and acrylic binders in some products. Over time, _______ loses its ability to be fire-retardant. It is also a respiratory irritant. (S100)

Answer 108

565. Cellulose

Question 108

557. ** After flashover, structural steel supports less than ____ percent of its designed load and could fail at any time. (S96)

Answer 108

557. 40 percent

Question 109

560. • ________gypsum board contains vermiculite that expands when exposed to heat.(S98)

Answer 109

560. Type C

Question 109

561. ** Lath and plaster construction is generally found in buildings constructed before ____. (S98)

Answer 109

561. Before 1950

Question 109

559. • ________ gypsum board includes glass fibers that act as reinforcement. The glass fibers provide tensile strength for the inner gypsum core and prevent its deterioration when exposed to fire. (S98)

Answer 109

559. Type X

Question 110

562. • NFPA________, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting. (S100)

Answer 110

562. NFPA 1851

Question 111

563. ____________________________________— Originally used in the 1970s for insulating walls, this material caused high levels of formaldehyde emissions when improperly installed. It may still appear in some older houses. (S100)

Answer 111

563. Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation (UFFI)

Question 111

564. ____________________— The term refers to different materials: slag wool and rock wool. Accounting for approximately 80 percent of ___________ produced, slag wool primarily from iron ore blast furnace slag, an industrial waste product. Rock wool is produced from rocks. Prior to the 1960s, ___________ was the most common type of insulation. (S100)

Answer 111

564. Mineral wool, mineral wool, mineral wool

Question 111

566. ___________________ — It consists of 85 percent recycled ______ and 15 plastic fibers treated with borate, the same flame retardant and insect/rodent repellent used in cellulose insulation. It is as effective as fiberglass or cellulose, has fewer documented health risks than fiberglass, and offers easy installation. It costs more than fiberglass and is widely available. (S100)

Answer 111

566. Cotton

Question 112

567. __________________ — Used in the exterior walls of hybrid or natural (green) construction buildings and houses. It can be affected by moisture and may become infested by insects and vermin. (S100)

Answer 112

567. Straw

Question 113

568. __________________ — Applied in rigid boards called extruded and expanded polystyrene (EPS) or blown into wall cavities or voids in spray form. Spray ______ can irritate the respiratory system, has a high toxicity level, and adds to the fuel load. ______ blocks are incorporated into building construction. (S100)

Answer 113

568. Foam

Question 113

569. Fire retardants can be added to some plastics to reduce their flammability and ignition sensitivity. However, even plastics with low flammability can deteriorate and may give off toxic gases at temperatures above ______° F. (S101)

Answer 113

569. 500° F

Question 114

570. • The combustion of _____________ produces hydrogen chloride, the gaseous form of hydrochloric acid. (S101)

Answer 114

570. vinyl chloride

Question 115

572. An ______________________________ can be defined as the use of all or a portion of a building or structure.(S102)

Answer 115

572. occupancy classification

Question 115

571. *_______________________________ are one application for plastic in an exterior veneer system. (S101)

Answer 115

571. Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS)

Question 116

574. • Occupancy types help with ______________ and estimating the fuel load. (S102)

Answer 116

574. rescue profiling

Question 116

573. _________________________ grant firefighters a reasonable expectation of the hazard level, fire protection requirements, and safety features of a building. (S102)

Answer 116

573. Occupancy classifications

Question 117

575. • An assembly occupancy is defined as a building or structure, or any portion thereof, used for the gathering of _________ or more persons, and the occupancy may vary in size and type. (S103)

Answer 117

575. fifty or more persons

Question 118

576. *A _____________ occupancy is a building or structure, or any portion thereof, which is used for office, professional, or service-type operations. (S103)

Answer 118

576. business

Question 118

577. _________________ occupancies include hospitals, nursing homes, daycare centers, and detention/ correctional facilities. (S105)

Answer 118

577. Institutional

Question 119

578. A _________________ occupancy is generally defined as any building used to display or sell merchandise. (S105)

Answer 119

578. Mercantile

Question 120

579. _____________ occupancies hold nonhazardous materials. The High-Hazard Group ___ classification is used for the storage of hazardous goods above maximum allowable quantities. (S106)

Answer 120

579. Storage, High-Hazard Group H

Question 121

580. Based on the hazards of stored items, the International Building Code (IBC ®) divides the Storage Group ____occupancy classification into the following two subgroups:

• ___________-hazard storage, Group S-____ — Contains materials such as clothing, furniture, sugar, and lumber. (S106)
• ___________ -hazard storage, Group S-____ — Contains materials such as beverages up to and including ______-percent alcohol content, dry cell batteries, and metal parts. (S106)

Answer 121

580. Storage Group S , Moderate-hazard storage, Group S-1, Low-hazard storage, Group S-2, 16-percent alcohol

Question 122

581. Only the International Code Council codes recognize the _____________________ occupancy classification. (S107)

Answer 122

581. Utility/Miscellaneous Group U

Question 123

582. ** In 2011-2015, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated average of ________ structure fires per year in vacant properties. (S108)

Answer 123

582. 30,200 structure fire in vacant properties

Question 124

583. Fires in __________ buildings are more likely to be intentionally set and spread beyond the building than fires in other structures. (S108)

Answer 124

583. Vacant

Question 125

584. ** _____ percent of reported structure fires in 2011-2015 were in vacant properties. (S108)

Answer 125

584. 6 percent

Question 126

585. ** Only ___ percent of civilian structure fire deaths and _____ percent of civilian structure fire injuries resulted from fires in vacant properties. (S108)

Answer 126

585. 2 percent. 1 percent

Question 127

586. ** ____________ percent of firefighter injuries at structure fires occurred in or at vacant buildings. (S108)

Answer 127

586. Thirteen percent

Question 128

587. • A residential or commercial property for sale may be considered ___________when an occupant has moved out. (S108)

Answer 128

587. Unoccupied

Question 129

588. • __________residential or commercial property may have entrances secured or boarded up. (S108)

Answer 129

588. Vacant

Question 130

589. • An _____________ property has been vacant for some time. (S108)

Answer 130

589. Abandoned

Question 131

590. __________________ includes the process of gathering and evaluating information, developing initial actions based on that information, and ensuring the information remains current. (S109)

Answer 131

590. Prefire planning

Question 132

591. Firefighters should be trained in prefire planning and how it affects the delivery of emergency services. To obtain this information, personnel may conduct ______________of target hazards. (S110)

Answer 132

591. prefire surveys

Question 133

592. Firefighters should know their organization’s process for conducting prefire plans and the required forms and formats the organization uses. NFPA _____, Standard for Pre-Incident Planning, is a helpful resource. (S110)

Answer 133

592. NFPA 1620

Question 134

593. Building the relationship between the company officer and the business owner/occupants starts the process of completing a successful_______________. (S111)

Answer 134

593. prefire survey

Question 135

594. Survey information may be recorded on a standardized form, improving chances for gathering essential information. _________________should be made of the structure or facility, showing its size, location, and components. (S113)

Answer 135

594. Field sketches

Question 136

595. A _______________ is a rough drawing of a building prepared during the facility survey. (S114)

Answer 136

595. field sketch

Question 137

596. The survey of the facility’s exterior obtains information to create a ______________or compare observations to a ____________. (S114)

Answer 137

596. plot plan, plot plan

Question 138

597. Site access information should be noted on the survey____________. (S114)

Answer 138

597. plot plan

Question 139

598. • Some structures are equipped with built-in ventilation devices that limit the spread of fire, release heated fire gases, or control smoke and contaminated atmospheres. * NFPA _____, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, provides guidelines for the design and installation of smoke-and-heat venting equipment. (S118)

Answer 139

598. NFPA 204

Question 140

599. _________________ release heat and smoke to the outside through square or rectangular structures that penetrate a building’s roof. (S119)

Answer 140

599. Monitors

Question 141

600. ____________________applies to all emergency responses and levels of resource commitment. By learning to apply _____________________ skills at single-resource situations, ICs start better prepared to manage more complex situations. (P127)

Answer 141

600. Incident scene management, incident scene management

Question 142

601. • The _____________________ establishes an organizational structure for all emergency incidents. (S127)

Answer 142

601. National Incident Management System (NIMS)

Question 143

602. • The ____________________ provides a model for safe and efficient incident scene management. (S127)

Answer 143

602. NIMS-Incident Command System (ICS)

Question 144

603. • NIMS-ICS bases incident management and coordination on ____ NIMS Management Characteristics (formerly called ICS Management Characteristics). (S128)

Answer 144

603. 14 NIMS Management Characteristics

Question 145

604. *__________________— Incident management personnel who report directly to the Incident Commander; includes the Public Information Officer, Safety Officer, and Liaison Officer. (S129)

Answer 145

604. Command Staff

Question 146

605. *_________________— Incident management personnel who represent the major functional Sections. (S129)

Answer 146

605. General Staff

Question 147

606. ___________ — Organizational level having responsibility for a major functional area of incident management includes: — Operations. — Planning. — Logistics. — Finance/Administration. — Information and Intelligence. (S129)

Answer 147

606. Section

Question 148

607. ____________ — Organizational level having functional/geographic responsibility for major segments of incident operations; organizationally located between Section and Division or Group. (S129)

Answer 148

607. Branch

Question 149

____________ — Organizational level having responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area; organizationally between Branch and single resources, task force, or strike team (described in the following section). (S129)

Answer 149

608. Division

Question 150

609. Resources assigned to a Division report to that Division ___________.

Answer 150

609. Supervisor

Question 151

610. ____________ — Organizational level, equal to Division, having responsibility for a specified functional assignment (such as ventilation, salvage, water supply) at an incident without regard to a specific geographical area. (S129)

Answer 151

610. Group

Question 152

611. ________________ — Organizational level within the sections that fulfill specific support functions, such as the resources, documentation, demobilization, and situation ____, within the Planning Section. (S129)

Answer 152

611. Unit

Question 153

612. • __________________________ provide an indication of the type (Type I or Type III pumper) and capability of the resources available to the IC for assignment.

Answer 153

612. Resource designations

Question 154

613. • ________ — Specified number of personnel assembled for an assignment such as search, ventilation, or hoseline deployment and operations. (S130)

Answer 154

613. Crew

Question 155

614. *______________— Pieces of apparatus (engine, ladder/truck, water tender, bulldozer, air tanker, and helicopter) and the personnel required to make them functional. (S130)

Answer 155

614. Single resources

Question 156

615. *_________________— Any combination of resources (engines, ladders/trucks, bulldozers) assembled for a specific mission or operational assignment. (S131)

Answer 156

615. Task force

Question 157

616. *__________________— Set number of resources of the same type (engines, ladders/trucks, bulldozers) with an established minimum number of personnel. All units in the team must have common communications capabilities and a leader in a separate vehicle. Unlike task forces, _______________ remain together and function as a team throughout an incident. (S131)

Answer 157

616. Strike team, strike teams

Question 158

617. ** According to the 2008 NIMS-ICS model, the span-of-control ratio for ICS ranged from ______ to ______ subordinates per supervisor, with ______ being optimal. (S131)

Answer 158

617. Three to seven. 5 being optimal

Question 158

618. ** NIMS 2017 suggests an optimal span of control of one supervisor to _____ subordinates. (S131)

Answer 158

618. Five subordinates

Question 159

619. • __________________________________objectives are to provide the IC with access to and control over all available resources. (S132)

Answer 159

619. Comprehensive resource management objectives

Question 160

620. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) categorizes pumping apparatus and mobile water supply apparatus based on __________(Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2005). (S133)

Answer 160

620. Capability

Question 161

621. • ________________________ maintain connectivity, achieve situational awareness, and facilitate information sharing. (S134)

Answer 161

621. Integrated communications

Question 162

622. • ICS requires an _____________________system that can send and receive information. (S134)

Answer 162

622. integrated communication

Question 163

624. • The ICS Form ______ serves as a standard format to record key situational information and document actions taken on an incident. (S138)

Answer 163

624. Form 201

Question 163

623. • The __________ acts as the concluding step in the initial size-up decision-making process and leads to the required verbal establishment of command. The fire officer then prepares to utilize the seven components of the_____________, also known as the Initial On-Scene Report or Brief Incident Report (BIR). (S137)

Answer 163

623. 360 Report, Arrival Report

Question 164

625. • The IC can use visual aids to help manage and track assigned resources. The visual aid can be as simple as a printed form, called__________________, to sketch the incident scene and the location of units as they arrive. (S142)

Answer 164

625. Tactical Work Sheets

Question 165

626. ___________________________ provide simple steps and/or user-friendly acronyms to help ensure fireground messages are sent, received, and understood. The ABCs of good communication for transmitting information and orders are “Accurate, Brief, and Concise.” (S143)

Answer 165

626. Communication models

Question 166

627. • Position or hold the microphone according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. When transmitting, the radio/microphone goes __ to __ inches from the speaker’s mouth or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) voice port. (S145)

Answer 166

627. 1 to 2 inches

Question 167

628. • The size-up process begins ___________________and continues throughout the incident. (S153)

Answer 167

628. Before an incident gets reported

Question 168

629. (_______________ starts from the minute companies leave the station and continues throughout the entire incident.) (P579)

Answer 168

629. Loss control

Question 169

630. Surrounding risks can be more than buildings. Terrain, railroads, highways, hazmat products, and propane tanks serve as examples of ____________ that influence the decision-making of a company officer/IC. (S155)

Answer 169

630. on-scene risks

Question 170

631. _______________ indicates the likelihood of occurrence. (S155)

Answer 170

631. Probability

Question 171

632. • Accurately predicting what may happen next at a fire scene depends on_________________________, as well as prior knowledge and experience. (S156)

Answer 171

632. situational awareness

Question 172

633. ____________________ indicates how individuals perceive their surrounding environment. (S156)

Answer 172

633. Situational awareness

Question 173

634. ________________ can result in rapid fire spread, additional damage, and loss of life. A lack of accountability, command structure, command presence, and knowledge of departmental operations can prompt_________________, which happens when firefighters act independently of incident command and control. (S157)

Answer 173

634. Indecision, freelancing

Question 174

635. • The _________________________________follows a logical sequence of identifying the problems, prioritizing the problems, and selecting the best alternatives to solve it. (S157)

Answer 174

635. traditional model of decision-making

Question 175

636. • _________________________ provides another way to understand how people make decisions in challenging, real-world settings. ______ challenges the idea that, to make a good decision, people must move from data to information to knowledge to understanding. (S158)

Answer 175

636. Naturalistic Decision-Making (NDM), NDM

Question 176

637. • In the 1980s, researcher Gary Klein developed the _________model while studying how fireground commanders make decisions in stressful, time-compressed, and high-risk environments. (S158)

Answer 176

637. RPDM model

Question 177

638. ICs must move quickly from identifying the problem(s) or incident priorities to determining the strategic goals and implementing the solution.* The strategic goals aim to meet the _______________, which are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. (S159)

Answer 177

638. incident priorities

Question 178

639. • In fire fighting terms, a decision or strategy becomes a _______when an assignment gets communicated and actions or tasks are employed. (S160)

Answer 178

639. tactic

Question 178

640. • _________________serve as specific functions to meet strategic goals. (S160)

Answer 178

640. Tactical objectives

Question 179

641. • Without a prefire plan, the _____________________________________may provide the IC with a street view of the address before arrival on scene. (S162)

Answer 179

641. Mobile Data Terminal/Computer (MDT/C)

Question 180

642. The most intense part of the size-up process occurs ____________________at the incident scene. (S161)

Answer 180

642. upon arrival

Question 181

643. ________________________provide the foundation for decision-making during emergencies.(S161)

Answer 181

643. Departmental SOPs

Question 182

644. • Although fire crews consist of leaders and individual members/followers, the group functions best as a cohesive team. * _______________________________works as a program or approach to use resources effectively. (S170)

Answer 182

644. Crew resource management (CRM)

Question 183

645. NFPA _____ Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety, Health, and Wellness Program.

Answer 183

645. NFPA 1500

Question 184

646. ** A modern structural fire can quickly exceed _____° F, creating the potential for flashover (approximately 1,110° F within minutes). (S172)

Answer 184

646. 500 degrees

Question 185

647. • In 2010, the Safety, Health, and Survival (SHS) Section of the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) released its initial draft of___________________________________________________________. (S173)

Answer 185

647. Rules of Engagement for Structural Fire Fighting - Increasing Firefighter Survival

Question 186

648. ICs should base task assignments on personnel abilities and available resources. In addition, ICs must apply a_________________________ , follow local SOPs for fireground operations, and maintain discipline. (S180)

Answer 186

648. risk-benefit analysis model

Question 187

649. • After determining the appropriate level of risk, the IC can decide on an____________________. Traditionally, the fire service uses two types of operation: offensive strategy and defensive strategy. (S184)

Answer 187

649. operational strategy

Question 188

650. • Historically, the term ________________________referred to changing from an offensive to a defensive strategy. The term now refers to an offensive fire tactic initiated by applying water from the exterior of the structure as crews advance into the interior. (S185)

Answer 188

650. transitional attack

Question 189

653. • During the initial size-up, the IC must consider the number and type of units responding and the___________, the length of time until they are ready to deploy at the scene. (S191)

Answer 189

653. Flextime

Question 190

652. • If the incident is large enough to require multiple alarms or agencies for a prolonged period, generally over ____ hours, the IAP should be expanded to a more formal tracking model utilizing standardized ICS forms to record the plan. (S187)

Answer 190

652. 12 hours

Question 190

651. • ICs must conduct personnel accountability reports (PARs) to check on the welfare of all firefighters at predictable intervals. These reports are conducted on scene every _____ to _________ minutes in accordance with department SOPs. (S186)

Answer 190

651. ten to twenty minutes

Question 191

655. • A wide-area search method employs a dedicated search line to conduct a primary search of a large or complex area filled with smoke. A minimum of ______ team members are required, but larger teams can be more effective. (S201)

Answer 191

655. 3 team members

Question 192

654. Once strategic objectives are identified, the company officer (CO)/Incident Commander (IC) must determine the ______________ required to accomplish those objectives on the fireground. (S195)

Answer 192

654. tactics

Question 193

656. ICs often select ________ as a rescue tactic when there is a credible report of possible victims in survivable areas of a structure. (S202)

Answer 193

656. VEIS

Question 193

657. • ___________________ are unaffected areas, inside or outside a structure, to which a fire can spread. (S203)

Answer 193

657. Exposures

Question 194

658. • ______________refers to the tactical operations required to prevent fire spread in the structure. (S206)

Answer 194

658. Confinement

Question 194

659. • Vertical ventilation can pull or change the flow path of fire away from victims inside the structure, a tactic also known as________________. (S207)

Answer 194

659. venting for life

Question 195

660. • A ____________________with a solid or straight stream is the most efficient use of water or foam on fuel-controlled fires.(S209)

Answer 195

660. direct attack

Question 195

662. • __________________________ is commonly defined as extinguishment through the use of direct and indirect methods. The nozzle is rotated or moved back and forth from the area overhead to the floor and directly onto the fuels. (S210)

Answer 195

662. Combination attack

Question 196

663. The _______________________ is conducted remotely from the fire, often from the exterior of the building. The nozzle is placed into an opening in the fire compartment and rotated (using a T, O, or Z pattern). (S210)

Answer 196

663. combination attack

Question 196

661. • ___________________is a fire fighting operation involving the application of extinguishing agents to reduce the buildup of heat released from a fire. (S210)

Answer 196

661. Indirect attack

Question 197

664. In a__________________________, the hose stream is directed into the overhead space, out in front of the nozzle team, and on the approach to the seat of the fire. This attack method may be used to cool the area overhead and break up the stream for “rain-down” onto solid fuels ahead. (S210)

Answer 197

664. modified direct attack

Question 198

665. The objective of the _________________________is to reduce temperatures on the interior to quickly improve interior conditions so that the introduction of oxygen, caused by crew entry, does not cause a ventilation-induced rapid fire development. (S210)

Answer 198

665. transitional attack

Question 199

667. UL research suggests that firefighters should direct the _______________________________ into the opening utilizing “S-S-S” — straight, steep, and stationary — to maximize water distribution and cooling effects. (S211)

Answer 199

667. exterior transitional stream

Question 199

666. The __________________________________ limits the potential for rapid fire behavior changes within the flow path as crews advance from the exterior of the structure to the interior. (S211)

Answer 199

666. transitional attack

Question 200

668. • The ________________ technique utilizes a solid or straight stream pattern when attacking the fire in a bidirectional flow path. Firefighters apply water to hot compartment surfaces to cool them and reduce heat radiation. (S212)

Answer 200

668. surface cooling

Question 200

669. • The __________________ technique utilizes a fog pattern that creates small water droplets. Firefighters apply water in short bursts to the smoke volume while attempting to avoid hot surfaces. (S212)

Answer 200

669. gas cooling

Question 201

670. ** Deploying a master stream device and the necessary hoselines usually requires a minimum of ____ firefighters. (S213)

Answer 201

670. two

Question 202

671. Aerial apparatus, such as quints, aerial ladders, and aerial platforms, commonly deliver elevated master streams and rapid water stream applications (sometimes known as______________________________). (S213)

Answer 202

671. quick hits from the device

Question 203

672. A ___________from the exterior is intended to have the same effect as a transitional attack. (S123)

Answer 203

672. quick hit

Question 204

673. • _________________________is the planned, systematic, and coordinated removal of heated air, smoke, gases, or other airborne contaminants from a structure. (S214)

Answer 204

673. Tactical ventilation

Question 204

674. • ________________ is a way to proactively counter a possible unplanned ventilation by reducing the exhaust opening. (S216)

Answer 204

674. Door control

Question 205

675. ________________________ is a combination of the fire size, its location, and the building’s construction. (S216)

Answer 205

675. Structural integrity

Question 206

676. ** Winds as slow as ____ mph can affect structure fires, potentially making them wind-driven. (S217)

Answer 206

676. 10 mph

Question 207

677. • Firefighters can use high-volume fans to exhaust smoke, heat, and toxic gases to the exterior after fire suppression. This tactic is known as____________________________. (S219)

Answer 207

677. positive-pressure ventilation (PPV)

Question 208

678. • Unlike positive pressure attack (PPA), the application of PPV requires less emphasis on the__________________________. (S219)

Answer 208

678. exhaust-to-intake ratio

Question 209

679. Openings within a high-rise building can contribute to a ______________ (natural movement of heat and smoke throughout a building), creating an upward draft and interfering with evacuation and ventilation. (S221)

Answer 209

679. stack effect

Question 210

680. *______________________ and the development of a hot gas layer can occur when a vertical opening is not large enough to exhaust the smoke and gases. (S221)

Answer 210

680. Horizontal smoke spread

Question 211

681. *________________________ tactics, horizontal or vertical, must be developed to cope with the ventilation and life hazard problems inherent in stratified smoke. (S221)

Answer 211

681. Mechanical ventilation

Question 212

682. ** Floor-by-floor smoke control systems are typical in commercial high-rises constructed prior to ______. In these buildings, an activated smoke detector can initiate negative pressure fans on the fire floor and positive pressure fans on the floor directly above and below the fire floor. In the early 1990s, the major building codes began requiring ____________________________ in lieu of floor-by-floor smoke control. (S223)

Answer 212

682. Prior to 1990, pressurized stairwells

Question 213

683. • Confining the fire to its compartment or floor of origin is the most important aspect of tactical ventilation in_______________________. Firefighters accomplish this task through____________________. (S223)

Answer 213

683. high-rise buildings, door control

Question 214

684. ** ______________ and ______________ dictate the order in which crews accomplish tactics. (S224)

Answer 214

684. Staffing and available resources

Question 215

685. • If the building has only one stairwell, ventilation becomes increasingly complicated. Firefighters should not perform ventilation via the single stairwell until they have searched and cleared the stairwell from the top floor to at least ________floors below the fire floor. (S226)

Answer 215

685. Five

Question 215

686. ___________________ is defined as methods and procedures that firefighters use in an attempt to save property and reduce further damage from water, smoke, heat, and exposure. (S228)

Answer 215

Salvage

Question 216

687. ____________________ include moving contents to a safe location in the structure, removing contents from the structure, and protecting contents in place with salvage covers. (S230)

Answer 216

687. Salvage procedures

Question 217

688. • Overhaul operations begin after firefighters have extinguished the main body of the fire. Prior to beginning overhaul, the fire department should make an attempt to determine the cause and point of origin. This is an appropriate time for crews to undergo rehab and_______________________. (S231)

Answer 217

688. medical surveillance

Question 217

689. ** Fire officers certified to NFPA _____, Standard for Fire Officer Professional Qualifications, should be able to determine the cause and origin of most fires. (S233)

Answer 217

689. NFPA 1021

Question 218

690. • If floor beams have burned ends where they enter a __________ (a load-bearing wall that usually serves as a fire wall), flush the voids in the wall with water. (S233)

Answer 218

690. party wall

Question 219

691. • Following basic, _________________________ procedures of all PPE and equipment to remove soot and particulate matter is a best practice for preventing cancer later in life. (S234)

Answer 219

691. gross decontamination