Mass Simplified Stack Flashcards
Peritoneum
Covers internal space and organs. Holds organs in place.
Alimentary canal Parts and meaning
Oral Cavity, Salivatory glands, Teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Digestive Tract
Oral Cavity
Possesses tounge for food manipulation.
Salvatory Glands
Dissolve Flavorents, Saliva, Lubricates, Produces Enzymes, Can be Venom distributes.
Teeth
Bone or Keratin. Balen is keratin and in Whales.
Esophagus functions (Normal)
Swallowing, Goes from skeletal muscle to smooth, Mucus glands,
Esophagus (Bird)
Leads to the Crop and Rumin (Foregut fermenters)
Crop
In birds, Food storage and grinding
Rumin
In foregut fermenters, Microbial digestion of cellulose
Stomach (Normal)
Food Storage, Mucosal Folds, 3 muscle layers (Mixing), Rugae for stretch, Gastric pits and glands.
Gastric Pits and glands
In the stomach, aid in digestion and secrete gastric Juice.
Gastric Juice
Hydrochorid acid and Mucus (Protection and digestion)
Protelyric enzymes and Mucus (Protection)
Bird Stomach parts
Secrotory stomach and Gizzard
Gizzard
Keritin internal covering for grinding (Can use rocks)
Chyme
Digestive product. Acidic Liquid that enters the Duodeum of small intestine
Duodeum
Takes Chyme from stomach along with enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver and Alkaline mucus from Brunners gland to neutralize.
Small intestine
Lined with Enterocytes, receives from the Duodeum
Enterocytes
Preform obsorbtion in the small intestine, digestion, and (Large area) are favored by nature.
How is Enterocytes surface area increases
Long length, Internal Folds, Microvilli.
increases it 600x
Large intestine
Cecum joins Small intestine to large. Obsorbs feces and H2O
Cecum
Adjoins Small and Large intestine. Houses an Appendix
In hindgut fermenters, Cecum expanded to accommodate microbial digestion of cellulose.
Appendix
Lymphadic organ, housed in the cecum.
Composition of Feces
1/3 home cells
1/3 bacteria
1/3 in-digestable material (Like cellulose)
It is mostly water, these are addition to it
What systems control an animals water budget?
Digestive and Urinary systems
What adds and takes away from the water budget
In- Drinking, eating, metabolic H2O
Out- Pee, Poop, evaperation
What are the Components of the Urinary system
Kidneys, Uriter, Bladder and Urithra
Functions of the urinary system
Water recycling, Blood pressure, excresion (of metabolic wastes like nitrogenous compounds)
The 3 types of Nitrogenous wastes
Amonia (Most toxic), Urea, Uric aid (Least toxic)
What do paired Dorsal kidneys have
Have cellular tubules (nephrons and Collecting ducts) that form and convey urine.
Nephrons
Located in the kidneys (One of 2 cellular tubules)
Basic function- they make urine, control BP via Renin angiotensin
3 things done by them~ Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
Collecting Ducts
Located in the Kidney, one of 2 cellular tubules. These move urine into the Uriter
Glomerular Ducts
Plasma forced through holes in the glomerular. Small molecules diffuse to the renal tubes (h2o, wastes etc.)
Tubular reabsorbtion
Small (valuable molecules) are transported from the renal tube and peritubular capularies.
Tubular Secretion
(Excersion) Extra factors are moved from blood in particular capularies to renal tube.
What is kidney power
Ability to recycle water and reabsorb it.
Powerful in marine and desert mammals.
Excitatory structures of marine vertebrates
Gills (saltwater bony fish)
Rectal gland (sharks)
Cranial glands (marine reptiles and birds)
What happens when Nephron cells detect a decrease in BP
They release renin which converts to Angiotensinogen into Angiotensinogen 1 (a hormone precursor) which via ACE (converting enzyme) makes into Angiotensinogen 2 (an active hormone)
Affects if Angiotensinogen 2
Thirst and drinking (increases blood volume and therefore BP)
Release of hormone from the pituitary (Vasopressin)
Effects of Vasopressin
Increase of water recycling by Nephron (causing an increase of blood volume and therefore BP)
Widespread vascular instruction which increases vascular instruction and increases BP
Parts and purposes of (male) reproductive system
Gonads and genital ducts, function as meiosis and gamete production.
2 things involved with Meiosis
Endocrine secretion of “sex hormones” (sex differential and readiness)
Embryo Support
What are testies
(Plural) for testis, called Testical in mammals
Sac of seminiferous tubules for sperm production and spermatic duct (gas deference)
Seminiferous tubules
In testies
sperm production and spermatic duct.
Serfoli cells and intersticial cells are included in this system
Sertoli Cells
Nourish and support developing sperm
Part of the seminiferous ducts that are in the testies
Interstitial cells
Make testosterone. These are outside the seminiferous tubules but inside the testies.
Spermatic duct
Continuous with seminiferous tubules inside the testies.
Can store sperm. Fed with glands that secrete seminal fluid (semen)
eg prostate gland
What is an Overy
Where individual eggs develop w/in fluid-filled chambers (folecules). Each one has one egg and follicular cells (secrete estrogen)
What is ovulation
“Ripe” ruptures to release egg and be caught by the fallopian tube (ovaduct)
Ovaduct
Fallopian tubes
Catches egg from the ripe
Portions secrete protective coating around egg
Sperm storage structures (spermatheca in salamanders)
Uterous is a place for embryonic development
What does it mean to be Oviparous?
Egg-laying, eg birds and vertebrates
What does it mean to be Gravid
With fertilized eggs
Ovoviparois
Eggs hatch in utero and then they have live birth
Viviparity
Live birth with continuous nutrients sac (placenta). Filled with vessels and membranes for development
What are the 2 groups of mammals that have placentas
Eutharians- Placitation throughout pregnancy
Marsupials- Breif placitation embryonic development, finishes in pouch
What are the downfalls of fertilization?
External
External~ wasteful of gametes, little parental care, many gametes produced, can nest to preserve gametes
Way of doing this- Amplexus in frogs (gripping)
Modes of Fertilization
Internal
Terrestrial, economic way to produce gametes, more parental care
3 ways~
Cloaca, (all three use one hole)
Spermatophore, packet of sperm picked up by female (salamanders)
Organs, like the penis
What are the types of heat budgets
Exothermic Endothermic Poikilotherms Homeotherms Heterotherms
Exothermic organisms
Get heat from the environment
Most of the time poikilothermous extotherms. (Bacteria, plants, fungi)
Endotherms
Derive heat from their metabolism
Poikilotherms
Little control of heat gain and loss
Homeotherms
Max control of heat gain and loss
Heterotherms
Can be endo and exto at different times
Types of Extotherms
Poikilothermous extotherms Sessile extotherms Motile extotherms Behavioral homeotherms Localized tissue heat production
Sessile extotherms
Only favorable temp regions
Motile extotherms
Seek temp close to protein optimum (eccritic temp)
Behavioral homeotherms
Lizards
Localized tissue extotherms
Sphynx moth
Extothermous effects to ambient temperature
Thermal accumulation~ adjustment to the thermal optima (fish and amphibians)
Control of Blood flow to skin to limit heat loss.
Endotherms types
Homeothermic
Homeothermic endotherms are birds and mammals
Homeothermic endotherms
Birds and Mammels
Have insulation (fat), high metabolic rates, optimal body shape for heat gain and loss.
Alan’s rule
Mammals in cold regions have smaller appendaged
Birdmans rule
Largest endotherms occur in the coldest regions
What are the physiological responses of endotherms when cold
If cold~ metabolic rate increases, metabolism increases (shivering), blood to skin decreaces, counter current heat exchange in limbs to conserve temp
Rete mirabile
Large fish~ closely spaced vesicles in muscles of the body that act in counter current to conserve body heat
If bird or mammal - (too hot) decrease in metabolic rate, increase of blood flow to skin, evaporative cooling (pant or sweat)
Heterotherms benefits
Can swap when needed (night/day, winter/summer)
Endo in the day and summer
Oral cavity includes
Tongue Glottis (opening to respiratory tract) Pharynx (opening to esophagus) Internal nares (connect nasal tract) External nares (nostrils)
Peritoneum
Lines the body cavity and organs
Glottis
Opening of the respitory tract
Pharynx
Opening of the esophagus
Ureters
Link each kidney to the Bladder
Sperm route
Leaves the testies to the kidney tubules and ureter and exit via cloaca
Gonadal fat bodies
Part of the testies, extension of adapose which store energy for gamete production.
What are the ovaries attached by
Mesenteries, and associated with the kidneys.
Convoluded oviducts
Transfer eggs to the cloaca.
What are the non-vesseled organs
Spleen (screens the blood) and the heart
Operculum
Plate that covers gills
Gill arches
Support (structurally) the gills
Gill filliments
Contain the capularies for gas exchange and includes the gill rakes that filter and extend out to protect the gills
Diaphram
Muscle that separates throatic and abdominopelvic cavities
Largest salvatory glands
Parotic glands in the cheek.
What type of epithelium lines the tongue
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the tongue?
Stratified muscle
What type of epithelium lines the esophagus
Stratified squamous
What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the esophagus
striated muscle in the upper part, smooth muscle in the lower part, and a mixture of the two in the middle.
The mucosa of the small intestine has
Villi to maximize SA and Goblet cells to secrete mucus
What are the 2 layers of the small intestine muscularous
A longitudinal and a circumferentially
What kind of epithelium does the peritonium have
Simple squamous
What type of epithelium lines the small intestine
simple columnar epithelium
What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the small intestine
Smooth muscles
What type of epithelium lines the Alveoli
Simple squamous (allows for gas transfer)
The trachea has….
Cartilage, goblet cells, tall columnar pseudostratified epithelium
What type of epithelium makes up the renal tube
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Adventitia
In ureter, the outermost layer of connective tissue
What type of muscle in the muscularous of the ureter
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
What type of epithelium lines the ureter
transitional epithelium
Detrusor
The muscularois in the bladder
What type of muscle is in the detrusor
smooth muscle fibers
What type of epithelium lines the bladder
specialized stratified epithelium, the urothelium
Immature eggs vs mature
Immature~ not in the follicles
The epididymis is lined with
Pseudostratified epithelium
Name the path parts in order for urine
Glomerulus, renal tubule, ureter, bladder, urethra
Name the path parts in order for digestion
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, ileum, rectum, anus.
Name the respiratory path in order
Oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, alveolus, capillary
Sperm path in order
Epididiymus, vas diferens, seminiferous tubules, urethra
Path for an unfertilized egg in order
Follicle, fallopian tube, uterous, vagina
3 aortic arches in frogs
Coradid, systematic and pulmonary
difference between a crop gizzard and proventriculus
Crop: A pouch in the esophagus used to store food temporarily before moving it on to the stomach. Stomach
(Proventriculus/Gizzard): Principally the organ where food is broken into smaller units. It has two parts: the proventriculus for storage and the gizzard.
