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Biology 223 > Mass Simplified Stack > Flashcards

Mass Simplified Stack Flashcards

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1
Q

Peritoneum

A

Covers internal space and organs. Holds organs in place.

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2
Q

Alimentary canal Parts and meaning

A

Oral Cavity, Salivatory glands, Teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Digestive Tract

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3
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Possesses tounge for food manipulation.

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4
Q

Salvatory Glands

A

Dissolve Flavorents, Saliva, Lubricates, Produces Enzymes, Can be Venom distributes.

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5
Q

Teeth

A

Bone or Keratin. Balen is keratin and in Whales.

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6
Q

Esophagus functions (Normal)

A

Swallowing, Goes from skeletal muscle to smooth, Mucus glands,

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7
Q

Esophagus (Bird)

A

Leads to the Crop and Rumin (Foregut fermenters)

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8
Q

Crop

A

In birds, Food storage and grinding

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9
Q

Rumin

A

In foregut fermenters, Microbial digestion of cellulose

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10
Q

Stomach (Normal)

A

Food Storage, Mucosal Folds, 3 muscle layers (Mixing), Rugae for stretch, Gastric pits and glands.

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11
Q

Gastric Pits and glands

A

In the stomach, aid in digestion and secrete gastric Juice.

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12
Q

Gastric Juice

A

Hydrochorid acid and Mucus (Protection and digestion)

Protelyric enzymes and Mucus (Protection)

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13
Q

Bird Stomach parts

A

Secrotory stomach and Gizzard

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14
Q

Gizzard

A

Keritin internal covering for grinding (Can use rocks)

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15
Q

Chyme

A

Digestive product. Acidic Liquid that enters the Duodeum of small intestine

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16
Q

Duodeum

A

Takes Chyme from stomach along with enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver and Alkaline mucus from Brunners gland to neutralize.

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17
Q

Small intestine

A

Lined with Enterocytes, receives from the Duodeum

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18
Q

Enterocytes

A

Preform obsorbtion in the small intestine, digestion, and (Large area) are favored by nature.

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19
Q

How is Enterocytes surface area increases

A

Long length, Internal Folds, Microvilli.

increases it 600x

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20
Q

Large intestine

A

Cecum joins Small intestine to large. Obsorbs feces and H2O

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21
Q

Cecum

A

Adjoins Small and Large intestine. Houses an Appendix

In hindgut fermenters, Cecum expanded to accommodate microbial digestion of cellulose.

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22
Q

Appendix

A

Lymphadic organ, housed in the cecum.

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23
Q

Composition of Feces

A

1/3 home cells
1/3 bacteria
1/3 in-digestable material (Like cellulose)

It is mostly water, these are addition to it

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24
Q

What systems control an animals water budget?

A

Digestive and Urinary systems

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25
Q

What adds and takes away from the water budget

A

In- Drinking, eating, metabolic H2O

Out- Pee, Poop, evaperation

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26
Q

What are the Components of the Urinary system

A

Kidneys, Uriter, Bladder and Urithra

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27
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Water recycling, Blood pressure, excresion (of metabolic wastes like nitrogenous compounds)

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28
Q

The 3 types of Nitrogenous wastes

A

Amonia (Most toxic), Urea, Uric aid (Least toxic)

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29
Q

What do paired Dorsal kidneys have

A

Have cellular tubules (nephrons and Collecting ducts) that form and convey urine.

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30
Q

Nephrons

A

Located in the kidneys (One of 2 cellular tubules)

Basic function- they make urine, control BP via Renin angiotensin

3 things done by them~ Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

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31
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

Located in the Kidney, one of 2 cellular tubules. These move urine into the Uriter

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32
Q

Glomerular Ducts

A

Plasma forced through holes in the glomerular. Small molecules diffuse to the renal tubes (h2o, wastes etc.)

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33
Q

Tubular reabsorbtion

A

Small (valuable molecules) are transported from the renal tube and peritubular capularies.

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34
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

(Excersion) Extra factors are moved from blood in particular capularies to renal tube.

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35
Q

What is kidney power

A

Ability to recycle water and reabsorb it.

Powerful in marine and desert mammals.

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36
Q

Excitatory structures of marine vertebrates

A

Gills (saltwater bony fish)

Rectal gland (sharks)

Cranial glands (marine reptiles and birds)

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37
Q

What happens when Nephron cells detect a decrease in BP

A

They release renin which converts to Angiotensinogen into Angiotensinogen 1 (a hormone precursor) which via ACE (converting enzyme) makes into Angiotensinogen 2 (an active hormone)

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38
Q

Affects if Angiotensinogen 2

A

Thirst and drinking (increases blood volume and therefore BP)

Release of hormone from the pituitary (Vasopressin)

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39
Q

Effects of Vasopressin

A

Increase of water recycling by Nephron (causing an increase of blood volume and therefore BP)

Widespread vascular instruction which increases vascular instruction and increases BP

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40
Q

Parts and purposes of (male) reproductive system

A

Gonads and genital ducts, function as meiosis and gamete production.

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41
Q

2 things involved with Meiosis

A

Endocrine secretion of “sex hormones” (sex differential and readiness)

Embryo Support

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42
Q

What are testies

A

(Plural) for testis, called Testical in mammals

Sac of seminiferous tubules for sperm production and spermatic duct (gas deference)

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43
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

In testies

sperm production and spermatic duct.

Serfoli cells and intersticial cells are included in this system

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44
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Nourish and support developing sperm

Part of the seminiferous ducts that are in the testies

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45
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Make testosterone. These are outside the seminiferous tubules but inside the testies.

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46
Q

Spermatic duct

A

Continuous with seminiferous tubules inside the testies.

Can store sperm. Fed with glands that secrete seminal fluid (semen)

eg prostate gland

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47
Q

What is an Overy

A

Where individual eggs develop w/in fluid-filled chambers (folecules). Each one has one egg and follicular cells (secrete estrogen)

48
Q

What is ovulation

A

“Ripe” ruptures to release egg and be caught by the fallopian tube (ovaduct)

49
Q

Ovaduct

A

Fallopian tubes

Catches egg from the ripe

Portions secrete protective coating around egg

Sperm storage structures (spermatheca in salamanders)

Uterous is a place for embryonic development

50
Q

What does it mean to be Oviparous?

A

Egg-laying, eg birds and vertebrates

51
Q

What does it mean to be Gravid

A

With fertilized eggs

52
Q

Ovoviparois

A

Eggs hatch in utero and then they have live birth

53
Q

Viviparity

A

Live birth with continuous nutrients sac (placenta). Filled with vessels and membranes for development

54
Q

What are the 2 groups of mammals that have placentas

A

Eutharians- Placitation throughout pregnancy

Marsupials- Breif placitation embryonic development, finishes in pouch

55
Q

What are the downfalls of fertilization?

External

A

External~ wasteful of gametes, little parental care, many gametes produced, can nest to preserve gametes

Way of doing this- Amplexus in frogs (gripping)

56
Q

Modes of Fertilization

Internal

A

Terrestrial, economic way to produce gametes, more parental care

3 ways~
Cloaca, (all three use one hole)
Spermatophore, packet of sperm picked up by female (salamanders)
Organs, like the penis

57
Q

What are the types of heat budgets

A 
Exothermic
Endothermic
Poikilotherms
Homeotherms 
Heterotherms
58
Q

Exothermic organisms

A

Get heat from the environment

Most of the time poikilothermous extotherms. (Bacteria, plants, fungi)

59
Q

Endotherms

A

Derive heat from their metabolism

60
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Little control of heat gain and loss

61
Q

Homeotherms

A

Max control of heat gain and loss

62
Q

Heterotherms

A

Can be endo and exto at different times

63
Q

Types of Extotherms

A 
Poikilothermous extotherms
Sessile extotherms 
Motile extotherms 
Behavioral homeotherms 
Localized tissue heat production
64
Q

Sessile extotherms

A

Only favorable temp regions

65
Q

Motile extotherms

A

Seek temp close to protein optimum (eccritic temp)

66
Q

Behavioral homeotherms

A

Lizards

67
Q

Localized tissue extotherms

A

Sphynx moth

68
Q

Extothermous effects to ambient temperature

A

Thermal accumulation~ adjustment to the thermal optima (fish and amphibians)

Control of Blood flow to skin to limit heat loss.

69
Q

Endotherms types

Homeothermic

A

Homeothermic endotherms are birds and mammals

70
Q

Homeothermic endotherms

A

Birds and Mammels

Have insulation (fat), high metabolic rates, optimal body shape for heat gain and loss.

71
Q

Alan’s rule

A

Mammals in cold regions have smaller appendaged

72
Q

Birdmans rule

A

Largest endotherms occur in the coldest regions

73
Q

What are the physiological responses of endotherms when cold

A

If cold~ metabolic rate increases, metabolism increases (shivering), blood to skin decreaces, counter current heat exchange in limbs to conserve temp

74
Q

Rete mirabile

A

Large fish~ closely spaced vesicles in muscles of the body that act in counter current to conserve body heat

If bird or mammal - (too hot) decrease in metabolic rate, increase of blood flow to skin, evaporative cooling (pant or sweat)

75
Q

Heterotherms benefits

A

Can swap when needed (night/day, winter/summer)

Endo in the day and summer

76
Q

Oral cavity includes

A 
Tongue 
Glottis (opening to respiratory tract)
Pharynx (opening to esophagus) 
Internal nares (connect nasal tract)
External nares (nostrils)
77
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines the body cavity and organs

78
Q

Glottis

A

Opening of the respitory tract

79
Q

Pharynx

A

Opening of the esophagus

80
Q

Ureters

A

Link each kidney to the Bladder

81
Q

Sperm route

A

Leaves the testies to the kidney tubules and ureter and exit via cloaca

82
Q

Gonadal fat bodies

A

Part of the testies, extension of adapose which store energy for gamete production.

83
Q

What are the ovaries attached by

A

Mesenteries, and associated with the kidneys.

84
Q

Convoluded oviducts

A

Transfer eggs to the cloaca.

85
Q

What are the non-vesseled organs

A

Spleen (screens the blood) and the heart

86
Q

Operculum

A

Plate that covers gills

87
Q

Gill arches

A

Support (structurally) the gills

88
Q

Gill filliments

A

Contain the capularies for gas exchange and includes the gill rakes that filter and extend out to protect the gills

89
Q

Diaphram

A

Muscle that separates throatic and abdominopelvic cavities

90
Q

Largest salvatory glands

A

Parotic glands in the cheek.

91
Q

What type of epithelium lines the tongue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

92
Q

What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the tongue?

A

Stratified muscle

93
Q

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus

A

Stratified squamous

94
Q

What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the esophagus

A

striated muscle in the upper part, smooth muscle in the lower part, and a mixture of the two in the middle.

95
Q

The mucosa of the small intestine has

A

Villi to maximize SA and Goblet cells to secrete mucus

96
Q

What are the 2 layers of the small intestine muscularous

A

A longitudinal and a circumferentially

97
Q

What kind of epithelium does the peritonium have

A

Simple squamous

98
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium

99
Q

What type of muscle tissue is in the muscularous of the small intestine

A

Smooth muscles

100
Q

What type of epithelium lines the Alveoli

A

Simple squamous (allows for gas transfer)

101
Q

The trachea has….

A

Cartilage, goblet cells, tall columnar pseudostratified epithelium

102
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the renal tube

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

103
Q

Adventitia

A

In ureter, the outermost layer of connective tissue

104
Q

What type of muscle in the muscularous of the ureter

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

105
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ureter

A

transitional epithelium

106
Q

Detrusor

A

The muscularois in the bladder

107
Q

What type of muscle is in the detrusor

A

smooth muscle fibers

108
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bladder

A

specialized stratified epithelium, the urothelium

109
Q

Immature eggs vs mature

A

Immature~ not in the follicles

110
Q

The epididymis is lined with

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

111
Q

Name the path parts in order for urine

A

Glomerulus, renal tubule, ureter, bladder, urethra

112
Q

Name the path parts in order for digestion

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, ileum, rectum, anus.

113
Q

Name the respiratory path in order

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, alveolus, capillary

114
Q

Sperm path in order

A

Epididiymus, vas diferens, seminiferous tubules, urethra

115
Q

Path for an unfertilized egg in order

A

Follicle, fallopian tube, uterous, vagina

116
Q

3 aortic arches in frogs

A

Coradid, systematic and pulmonary

117
Q

difference between a crop gizzard and proventriculus

A

Crop: A pouch in the esophagus used to store food temporarily before moving it on to the stomach. Stomach

(Proventriculus/Gizzard): Principally the organ where food is broken into smaller units. It has two parts: the proventriculus for storage and the gizzard.

Biology 223 (10 decks)

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