Digestive System Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

Peritoneum:

A

lines coelom;

covers organs

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2
Q

Mesentery:

A

peritoneal extension
provides support; vessels draw
nutrients from canal

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3
Q

Extramural gland;

A

e.g.

salivary; pancreas

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4
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelia mostly simple columnar
or stratified squamous.
Lamina propria with lots of WBCs

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5
Q

Mucosal pits

A

Some are glands e.g. gastric pits.

Also sanctuaries for mitosis.

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6
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner circular layer; outer longitudinal
Causes “gut motility” e.g. Peristalsis:
wave of contraction drives digesta
analward as a bolus

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7
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Tongue manipulates food
Salivary glands make saliva:
Lubrication
Digestive enzymes
Modified as reptile venom glands
Teeth typical

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8
Q

Keratin Teeth or equivalent

A

Epithelial outgrowths; are composed of keratinocytes
Agnatha
Baleen in whales
Most vertebrates have bony teeth
Ectoderm derivatives develop in connective tissue

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9
Q

Outer layer of human teeth

A

Pure hydroxyapatite.
Hardest substance in the body.
Made by cells called Ameloblasts.

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10
Q

Inner layer of human teeth

A

Bonelike matrix.

Made by cells called Odontoblasts.

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11
Q

Tooth held in place by

A

“Periodontal Ligament” of

dense connective tissue

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12
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

Vascular and innervated.

Lined with Odontoblasts

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13
Q

Odontoblasts

A

Monitor dentin condition;

make 2o dentin to accommodate wear

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14
Q

Esophagus Parts and pieces

A

Peristalsis of swallowing
muscularis transition
skeletal muscle to smooth muscle
abundant mucus glands

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15
Q

Esophagus adaptations

A
Crop in birds
dilated portion; stores food
Rumen in “Foregut Fermenters”
e.g. Cattle
houses microbes to digest cellulose
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16
Q

Stomach parts and functions

A

Stores food; begins protein digestion
Rugae: inner folds permit stretch
3 layered muscularis for mixing motions
Gastric pits secrete “gastric juice”

17
Q

Gastric juice includes:

A

Hydrochloric acid
Digests; protects against parasites
Proteases: enzymes that break down proteins
Mucus: keeps stomach from digesting self

18
Q

Birds have two stomachs:

A
Glandular stomach: secretes juice
Gizzard: grinding stomach
Mucosa covered with hard 
keratin-like protein
Some birds swallow small rocks
to help grind food
19
Q

The vertebrate stomach produces an

acidic product called

A

Chyme
Chyme moves into the Duodenum, the
beginning of the small intestine

20
Q

Duodenum receives:

A

Chyme from the stomach
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Bile from the liver

21
Q

Duodenum wall has Brunner’s glands:

A

secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize chyme

22
Q

Small Intestine parts and functions

A
Lined with columnar Enterocytes
Enterocytes have apical “brush border” enzymes
   that finish digestion
Enterocytes perform all absorption
Enterocyte surface area is maximized
23
Q

How enterocyte surface is maximized

A
Great intestinal length
Spiral valve in some fishes e.g. sharks
~Circular internal folds
~Villi: finger-like mucosa projections
~Microvilli of enterocytes

These ~ increase SA by 600X`