Digestive system Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

The Peritoneum

A

Covers the internal space (Lines) including organs. Helps hold these organs in place.

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2
Q

Mesentery

A

A Peritoneal extension for organ support, contains vessels that transport nutrients to Cardiovascular system.

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3
Q

Parts and functions of the Mucosa

A

Epithelium- Simple columnar & Stratified Squamous
Lamina Propria- Capillaries and WBC
Mucosa Pits- Can be glandular (Gastric glands). These are mitosis sanctuaries.

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4
Q

Extromural gland

A

EG Pancreus

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5
Q

Muscularus

A

Mostly smooth muscle. Has a inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
Promotes gut motility like peristalsis

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6
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave of contraction that moves digestra analward as a Bolus.

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7
Q

Parts of the Alimentary Canal

A
Oral Cavity
Salivary glands 
Teeth
Esophagus
Stomach 
Intestines
Rectum and Anus
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8
Q

Oral Cavity

A

In most verts a tonuge is possessed for food manipulation

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9
Q

Salvatory glands

A

In tetrapods- Dissolve flavorants with saliva, lubricates, and produce enzymes.
These are modified as Venum glands in some reptiles.

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10
Q

Teeth (or equivalent)

A

There are Keratin equivalents- Composed of dead Keratinocytes. (Example being the Balegn whales filter-feeding apparatus Balegn in the Agnathans.
The vast majority of teeth are made of bone.

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11
Q

Parts of a human tooth

A
Crown
Root
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp Cavity
Root Canal
Peridontal Ligument
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12
Q

Enamel

A

The matrix- Mostly Hydroxyapatite, the hardest surface in the body
Made by cells called Amyloblasts.

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13
Q

Dentin

A

Bone-like matrix. Made by Odontoblast cells.

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14
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

Vascular and Innerved. Lined with odontoblasts that help monitor Denton quality and make secondary Denton to accommodate for wear.

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15
Q

Periodontal Ligament

A

Bioliogen holding the tooth in place.

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16
Q

The Esophagus

A

Does the Peristalsus of swallowing and transfer of muscularous for skeletal muscle to smooth muscle. There is an abundance of mucus glands.

17
Q

Special adaptations of the Esophagus

A

A birds crop- food storage in fore-gut fermentors the esophagus portion.

18
Q

The Rumin

A

In a bird’s CROP! It is a chamber for microbial digestion of cellulose.

19
Q

The Stomach

A

Functions as food storage and has mucosal folds (Rugae to permit stretch).
Has three muscle layers that permit mixing
Gastric pits/glands secrete gastric juice (hydrochloric acid to protect, digest, and break down proteins.
It also secretes mucus to protect itself from digestion!

20
Q

Bird Stomach

A

2 stomachs- Secrotory and Gizzard

21
Q

Gizzards

A

Have Keritin like internal covering for grinding and can ingest rocks to assist.

22
Q

Digestive Product in Birds

A

Chyme- Acidic liquid that enters the duedeum of the small intestine

23
Q

Duodeum

A

Receives Chyme from stomach, enzymes from pancreas, bile from the liver, and alkaline (to neutralize) mucus from Brunners Gland.

24
Q

The Small Intestine

A

Lined with collumnar cells called enterocytes. Nature favors large SA of enterocytes. Enterocytes have apical “brush border” enzymes that finish digestion. Enterocytes perform all absorption

25
Q

How enterocyte surface is maximized

A
Great intestinal length
Spiral valve in some fishes e.g. sharks
Circular internal folds
Villi: finger-like mucosa projections
Microvilli of enterocytes

All of these together increase the SA by 600x

26
Q

Large Intestine

A

It absorbs H2O and feces, and helps control the animals’ water budget.

27
Q

Cecum

A

section joined with the small intestine (in the large intestine

Has an appendix in humans
Thin extension; lymphatic organ
Hindgut Fermenters e.g. horses and rabbits
Cecum large; 
houses microbial digestion of cellulose
28
Q

How does water enter and leave an animal?

A

In- Drinking, food, metabolic H2O

Out- Urine, feces, evaporation