MARY Flashcards
1
Q
What problems did Mary face
A
- catholic - country changed to Protestantism, issue to overcome
- female - whoever she marries will be king, unable to go to battle -> establishes act that allows for female monarchs in future
- stubborn/strong willed - good characterises for monarch
- described as more evil than other monarchs - Bloody Mary, misleading, other monarchs killed just as much
2
Q
What were Marys aims for her rule
A
- restore Catholicism
- wants to produce heir - secure succession, continue Catholicism
- get established - choose privy council, advisors etc
- decide how to deal with Northumberland
- defend Calais and guise - war with France
- restore legitimacy
3
Q
What was Mary’s path to marriage
A
- 37 years old - desperate to have children
- 2 contenders - Phillip (Hapsburg family, first cousin, controls Spain and Netherlands) and Edward courtenay (favoured by most privy council, isnt foreign descendant of kings)
- Philip not enthusiastic about marriage - met for first time 2 days before marriage, language barrier
- marriage treaty - son will inherit England not spain, Philip isn’t sovereign on his own, cannot take child/queen out of country -> still at risk, Spain is large power so can take control
4
Q
What issues did Mary face with Philip
A
- wanted to create joint English and Spanish court - caused issues
- jealousy - Mary’s throne is more ornate/grand than Philip
- may and June 1554 - anti Spanish riots in London -> 13 June mob attacks church were spanish worship
- anti English sentiments in Spain - believed England were heretics/savages
- Philips courtiers didnt want to go to England (too cold) - didnt like terms of treaty
- 2 failed pregnancies
- Philip tried to ingratiate himself in court - drank beer, gave pensions, gave gifts from private resources
- joint household of Spanish entourage and English personnel - too many people for required duties
5
Q
How did Mary react to edwards Protestant reforms
A
- 1549 - openly disregarded new prayer book and prohibition of mass by celebrating mass in her chapel in kenningham publicly
- 1550 - fears for her safety, van der delft (Charles ambassador in England) set up escape plan for her -> didn’t come to fruition
- 1553 - devise for succession drawn up by Edward excluded Mary/Elizabeth on grounds of illegitimacy
6
Q
When was Cranmer arrested
A
14 September 1553
7
Q
When was Northumberland executed
A
22 august 1553
8
Q
When was publication of royal marriage treaty
A
January 1554
9
Q
When was wyatts rebellion
A
January 1554
10
Q
When was wyatt executed
A
11 April 1554
11
Q
When was Elizabeth freed
A
22 may 1554
12
Q
When did cardinal pole reunite England to Catholic Church
A
28 November 1554
13
Q
What were issues of religion in 1555
A
- January - publication of bishop bonner’s book of homilies, Mary appointed a commission to consider refounding some of religious houses
- February - rogers (biblical translators) became first Protestant martyr of region -> burned under heresy laws
- 16 October - bishops Latimer and Ridley burned at stake in oxford
- November - death of Stephen Gardiner (bishop of Winchester)
- 13 November - Cranmer deprived of archbishopric of Canterbury
- December - cardinal pole made Archbishop of Canterbury, London synod met under pole
14
Q
What were issues of religion in 1556
A
- February - synod issued 12 decrees on clerical discipline against abuses such as absenteeism, pluralism, simony and heresy -> more Protestants burned for heresy
- 21 march - Cranmer recanted all retractions and burned at stake in oxford
- 22 march - pole consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
15
Q
When was the worst harvest of the century
A
- September 1556
16
Q
When was fall of sir Henry Dudley
A
- 18 march 1556
- arrested after plot to make Elizabeth queen
17
Q
What religious issues were there in 1557
A
- July - cardinal pole recalled to Rome to face heresy charges. -> Mary refused to let him go
18
Q
What were social issues in 1557 and 1558
A
- widespread death and sickness
- flu epidemic
19
Q
When was Calais surrendered to french
A
- 7 January 1558
20
Q
What was in marriage treaty
A
- 10 October 1553 - Charles ambassador (Simon renard) presented official proposal of marriage to Mary
- 7 December - council consents to treaty terms
- April 1554 - approved in parliament
- England to uphold treaties of 1543 and 1546 with Netherlands - England should aid with 6000 men if Netherlands attacked by french
21
Q
What were causes of wyatt rebellion
A
- didnt want Mary to marry a foreign - govt would be taken over, english intents could become subservient to those of Spain -> widespread xenophobia, Spanish negotiators came to decide treaty terms the people held their heads don sorrowfully
- Against Catholicism - no catholic restoration (not extremely significant) -> book that wrote religion as a reason was commissioned by govt, diverts attention from opposition of marriage to religion
- Economic hardship - decline in cloth industry over long period of time, makes people less tolerant of change (more likely to air grievances)
- Political instability - caused by shake up in office holding, younger gentry feared that Philips presence in court might affect their career opportunities
22
Q
What were the events of wyatts rebellion
A
- autumn 1553 - some gentry at court discussed Protestant succession -> Mary deposed, Edward Courtenay marry Elizabeth, Elizabeth becomes queen
- December 1553 - plans for risings in Kent, Hertfordshire, Devon and Leicestershire
- 27 December 1553 - emperors commissioners arrive (Charles v) to begin marriage treaty negotiations
- 14 January 1554 - terms of marriage treaty announced by proclamation, provoked earlier action than planned
- Mid January 1554 - renard heard plot, Courtenay had to confess, 3/4 locations didn’t raise supporters -> Sir Thomas Wyatt (prominent shire family) raised 2500 armed men
- 29 January 1554 - Duke of Norfolk forced to return to court when his troops joined Wyatt
- 3 February 1554 - Wyatt reached Thames at Southwark
- 12 February 1554 - led troops 20km west to Kingston, stopped at ludgate -> forced to surrender, ask for mercy
23
Q
What were consequences of wyatt rebellion
A
- 90 rebels executed
- wyatt becomes martyr - dipped handkerchiefs in his blood when executed
- lady Jane grey and husband executed although innocent
- Elizabeth life spared - she wasn’t involved
24
Q
What was significance of Wyatt rebellion
A
- reached London - failed to stop them enroute
- 3/4 towns didnt raise troops
- courtenay was weak and caved in
- Protestant leaders didnt want to support
- support for Mary was relatively high
- renard hears plot - easily diffused
- dont call on imperial troops
- marriage treaty announced - plans brought ahead, didnt have enough time
- french decided not t get involved
25
Who did Mary choose as her advisors
- Gardiner (bishop, lord chancellor) - Mary’s most trusted English adviser, unenthusiastic about returning to papal supremacy -> doesnt want all elements of Catholicism back
- Renard (imperial ambassador) - worried about property concerns
- Charles v and pope Julius iii - cautious, moving too quickly may cause unrest
- Cardinal pole - appointed papal legate with brief to restore papal supremacy, wanted to get credit for bringing about ecclesiastical change in England
26
How did Mary want to make england catholic again
- reaffirming doctrine - transubstantiation, prayer books, articles
- change liturgy - services
- decoration of church - relics, altar
- ending clerical marriage
- bring back monasteries - quite difficult
- restoring pope
- wasn’t mass protest so maybe people didnt care about changes
27
What did Mary think about religion during her rule
- interpreted her initial popularity as an endorsement of catholic faith - instead of unpopularity of Northumberland
- 15 august 1553 - hoped others would follow Catholicism
- 23 august 1553 - altar and cross set up at st Nicholas Cole abbey in London
- Confirmed Mary’s misguided assessment - believed majority were still Roman Catholic, led astray during Edwards reign
- Protestant reformers - heretics, devils agents, ensnared souls of innocent/ignorant, confused faithful with babble of false/conflicting doctrines
28
What factors hindered her religious reforms
- short reign
- Pole didn’t give ecclesiastical policy his full attention - also had responsibilities of keeping peace between habsburgs and French
- Pole scheme to overhaul church finance required 2 huge surveys - pensions to former monks/clergy, poor benefices -> took 18 months, cumbersome administrative attack
- Pole strategy relied on active involvement of bishops - 6 sees left vacant for most of reign
- march 1555 Pope julius iii died (poles loyal friend) - successor may not support mission to same degree
- New pope Paul iv - virulently anti-Habsburg, dispute with Philip
- Mary govt fails to realise potential of literacy/printing - critical works outnumbered publications that supported Mary’s policies 2 to 1
- Propaganda opportunities not always seized - April 1554 debates between leading catholics and Protestants at oxford, recantation of sir john cheke
- Catholic leaders/writers wished to inform rather than persuade - thought heresy was minor problem (solved with minor burnings), misjudged situation
- Bishops should have been driving force reforming clergy - Edwardian bishops were still in sees until April 1554, later in reign there were lengthy vacancies (1557) when pope Paul iv refused to confirm Marian appointments to vacant bishoprics (bad relations with pole)
- 1555 - Pole rejected help of Jesuits in -> priests came to England to preach about Catholicism, presence caused more problems
29
What were issues of religion in 1553
- august - proclamation that Mary doesn’t force religious conformity -> prominent Protestant clergy were deprived of living
- September - Cranmer (archbishop) arrested, Latimer, Hooper, Rogers and Ridley and others imprisoned
- Autumn - Parliament meets and refuses to repeal act of supremacy, pass act of repeal (undid Edwardian reformation - brought back mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy and implicitly reaffirmed transubstantiation)
- December - Mary gives up title as supreme head of church
30
What were issues of religion in 1554
- January - 800 Protestants fled to Switzerland and Germany
- March - royal injunctions issued (bishops suppress heresy, remove married clergy, restore holy days etc), Gardiner deprived married clergy of their livings, diocese of Norwich 243 priests lose post 90 in bath and wells (10-25% married clergy deprived)
- April - parliament initially rejects reintroduction of heresy laws -> later agreed that former monastic lands wouldn’t be restored to church ownership
- November - pole returns to England, sentence of excommunication was lifted in England, Second Act of Repeal passed (undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529 and henrician reformation)
31
What were issues of religion in 1558
- 10 November - 5 Protestants burned at stake in Canterbury, 300 executed during Mary’s reign
- 17 November - Mary and pole die
32
How did Mary achieve her religious aims
- Poles top down strategy for restoration of Catholicism
- Strong leadership of church - encourages bishops to make regular visitations to dioceses -> check on finances and discipline of clergy
- 12 decrees - 1555 London synod drew up, necessity of all parish priests being resident and sought to put an end to other abuses
- Commission of new publications - catholic New Testament, new book of homilies, new catechism to help clergy (however weren’t ever really implemented)
- Clerical education - cathedral schools founded/reformed, pole replaced Gardiner as chancellor of Cambridge uni (then Oxford), importance of visitations
33
How did Mary’s reign end
- august 1558 - she fell ill
- October - changed her will that she would be succeeded by her heir -> she knew she couldn’t produced heir, inevitable that Elizabeth would rule
- November - asked Elizabeth to pay debts and keep Catholicism
- Elizabeth had stockpile weapons in case the succession was diverted away from her - smooth succession - parliament already assembled
34
