HENRY VIII AFTER 1529

Question 1

Who opposed the reformation

Answer 1

• sir Thomas more (lord chancellor 1529-1532) - catholic so wanted to stay linked to Rome, doesnt swear oath of succession (kept quite to avoid oath, wore painful chafing shirt) -> imprisoned in Tower of London, Richard rich makes up treason case against him, 1535 executed
• john fisher - very devout catholic, incite armed intervention as he believed country was becoming too Protestant, refused to swear oath of succession, made cardinal by pope -> executed in 1555 (threat - actively plotting)
• Carthusian/observant monks - refuse oath of succession, spreading pamphlets/speaking out -> hanged, disembowelled and quartered, left to starve, made martyrs by Catholic Church (threat - contact with community, encourage treason ideas)
• Elizabeth Barton (nun of Kent) - saw prophecies/visions that were exhortations against Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn, criticised the divorce (god told her he would die a villain death), 1533 dr Edward bocking published book containing Barton’s prophecies that Henry would burn in hell -> 1533 forced to confess lying about visions, executed in 1534 without trial (with 5 followers), all 700 copied of nuns book were burned, doesnt lead a revolt instead shapes opinions/ideas

Question 2

Reasons for not a lot of opposition

Answer 2

• loyalty to king -> resistance was treasonable/sinful
• oath of supremacy -> smoked people out into the open
• everything was dealt with very harshly -> scared into submission, Henry was harsh dictator (hanging on trees/mutilated)
• not alot of immediate change for normal people/made no difference -> only concerned when taking wealth

Question 3

What were methods used by govt to suppress/prevent opposition

Answer 3

• printed propaganda -> pamphlets defended the king’s position/denounced rebellion, 1532 short version of Leviticus published explaining his annulment (however majority of people were illiterate)
• royal correspondence was used by Cromwell -> 1535 letters sent to JPs ordering them to arrest people who support Pope (subtly creating informal police force), wrote to bishops to ensure all clergy preached royal supremacy/enclosed model sermons, sent county sheriffs commanding they ensure bishops fulfilled their duties (watchdogs of bishops)
• oaths -> Henry/Cromwell used as instrument of judgement of sir Thomas mores loyalty
• proclamations - public announcements of new laws or situations made in localities -> judges proclaimed deaths of Fisher/More, Cromwell hardly employed such proclamations as he saw their use to inform not secure obedience
• church visitations - 1535 Cromwell arranged visitations of all church/monastic property -> Valor Ecclesiastical used to justify dissolution of smaller monasteries, Henry removed last religious group that didnt owe direct obedience to him
• injunctions - written religious orders normally issued by bishops in their dioceses -> Cromwell issues directives directly to the clergy, First Royal Injunction for Clergy (august 1536) used to enforce govt doctrinal/anti-papal position (raise standards of clergy, remove superstitious images, enforce preaching of scripture), Second set of injunctions (autumn 1538) required parishes to have English bible, keep register of baptisms, marriages and burials
• law of treason - 1534 treason act (attempt death of king/queen/heir by act or malicious desire in writing, call the king a heretic, infidel, usurper or tyrant, seize royal castles, ships, ordnance or munitions) -> drawn on a hurdle, hanged, cut down alive, disembowelled, castrated and finally beheaded
• Henry - utter conviction that he was supreme head, bitter intolerance of opposition and terrifying ability to lash out -> personal involvement in burning Protestant John Lambert 1538 (lengths to remove opposition - wore white robe to show purity of catholic faith), international hostility to Henry’s reforms was at its height, Treaty of nice between Charles V and Francis I showed possibility of joint invasion of England

Question 4

What was first act on annates

Answer 4

• march 1532
• banned payment of annates to Rome, chief source of papal revenue in England removed

Question 5

What act in restraint of appeals to Rome

Answer 5

• February 1533
• began work of transferring papal powers to king
• king now supreme head of church
• Rome had no power to rule over matrimonial cases -> Cranmer declared Henry’s marriage with Catherine null/void

Question 6

What was second act of annates

Answer 6

• January 1534
• confirmed first act of annates, abbots/bishops were to be appointed by king not pope

Question 7

What was act to stop peters pence

Answer 7

• January 1534
• abolished payment of taxation to Rome

Question 8

What was act of submission of the clergy

Answer 8

• march 1534
• appeals in ecclesiastical matters to be handled by kings court not archbishops

Question 9

What was first act of succession

Answer 9

• march 1534
• registered Henry’s marriage to Catherine as invalid and replaced with marriage to Anne
• Anne children were now heir
• nation would take oath upholding their marriage -> treasonable offence to attack/deny marriage

Question 10

What was act of supremacy

Answer 10

• November 1534
• with oath of supremacy administered to all religious houses
• Henry is supreme head of Church of England
• right to carry out visitations of monasteries

Question 11

What was valor Ecclesiasticus

Answer 11

• January 1535
• survey cromwell commissioned to look at wealth/condition of the church
• justify shutting down catholic monasteries

Question 12

When was Cromwell made vice-gerent in spirituals

Answer 12

• January 1535
• deputy to the king in religious matters

Question 13

What was act for dissolution of lesser monasteries

Answer 13

• February 1536
• monasteries worth less than £200 were closed
• attack on monastic life (praying for dead souls, purgatory)

Question 14

What was act of 10 articles

Answer 14

• July 1536
• seven sacraments of catholic doctrine rejected -> belief in only baptism, Eucharist, penance

Question 15

When was trial/execution of john lambert

Answer 15

• November 1538
• rejection of transubstantiation
• symbol of Henrys commitment to catholic belief in christs real presence in Eucharist

Question 16

When was Henry excommunication

Answer 16

• December 1538

Question 17

What was act for dissolution of greater monasteries

Answer 17

• June 1539
• all monastery’s closed and land passed to Henry

Question 18

What was act of six articles

Answer 18

• June 1539
• showed slight swing back to Catholicism
• confirmed transubstantiation, private masses (allowed Catholics to do own mass - not forced into Protestantism), hearing of confession by priests
• banned marriage of priests, marriage of anyone who took vow of chastity, taking of communion in both kinds by normal people

Question 19

When was Cromwell arrested/executed

Answer 19

• June 1540 - arrested
• July 1540 - executed
• set him up with ugly Anne of cleves

Question 20

What was act for the advancement of true religion

Answer 20

• may 1543
• restricted access to English bible to upper class men/noblewomen in private
• poor people interpret bible for themselves -> radical views so Henry might lose control of them

Question 21

When was English litany introduced into churches

Answer 21

• may 1544
• replaces catholic used of Latin litany - but priests didn’t have to use it

Question 22

Who was appointed to tutor Edward

Answer 22

• July 1544
• sir john cheke who was a Protestant Humanist

Question 23

What was chantries act

Answer 23

• December 1545
• allowed for dissolution of chantries -> said prayers, chanted for souls of dead
• not enforced

Question 24

When was Anne askew burned

Answer 24

• July 1546
• denied transubstantiation
• evidence of his continued commitment to parts of Catholicism

Question 25

When did Henry name regency for Edward

Answer 25

• July 1546
• heavily Protestant regency - Protestant influenced inheritance