HENRY VIII AFTER 1529 Flashcards
1
Q
Who opposed the reformation
A
- sir Thomas more (lord chancellor 1529-1532) - catholic so wanted to stay linked to Rome, doesnt swear oath of succession (kept quite to avoid oath, wore painful chafing shirt) -> imprisoned in Tower of London, Richard rich makes up treason case against him, 1535 executed
- john fisher - very devout catholic, incite armed intervention as he believed country was becoming too Protestant, refused to swear oath of succession, made cardinal by pope -> executed in 1555 (threat - actively plotting)
- Carthusian/observant monks - refuse oath of succession, spreading pamphlets/speaking out -> hanged, disembowelled and quartered, left to starve, made martyrs by Catholic Church (threat - contact with community, encourage treason ideas)
- Elizabeth Barton (nun of Kent) - saw prophecies/visions that were exhortations against Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn, criticised the divorce (god told her he would die a villain death), 1533 dr Edward bocking published book containing Barton’s prophecies that Henry would burn in hell -> 1533 forced to confess lying about visions, executed in 1534 without trial (with 5 followers), all 700 copied of nuns book were burned, doesnt lead a revolt instead shapes opinions/ideas
2
Q
Reasons for not a lot of opposition
A
- loyalty to king -> resistance was treasonable/sinful
- oath of supremacy -> smoked people out into the open
- everything was dealt with very harshly -> scared into submission, Henry was harsh dictator (hanging on trees/mutilated)
- not alot of immediate change for normal people/made no difference -> only concerned when taking wealth
3
Q
What were methods used by govt to suppress/prevent opposition
A
- printed propaganda -> pamphlets defended the king’s position/denounced rebellion, 1532 short version of Leviticus published explaining his annulment (however majority of people were illiterate)
- royal correspondence was used by Cromwell -> 1535 letters sent to JPs ordering them to arrest people who support Pope (subtly creating informal police force), wrote to bishops to ensure all clergy preached royal supremacy/enclosed model sermons, sent county sheriffs commanding they ensure bishops fulfilled their duties (watchdogs of bishops)
- oaths -> Henry/Cromwell used as instrument of judgement of sir Thomas mores loyalty
- proclamations - public announcements of new laws or situations made in localities -> judges proclaimed deaths of Fisher/More, Cromwell hardly employed such proclamations as he saw their use to inform not secure obedience
- church visitations - 1535 Cromwell arranged visitations of all church/monastic property -> Valor Ecclesiastical used to justify dissolution of smaller monasteries, Henry removed last religious group that didnt owe direct obedience to him
- injunctions - written religious orders normally issued by bishops in their dioceses -> Cromwell issues directives directly to the clergy, First Royal Injunction for Clergy (august 1536) used to enforce govt doctrinal/anti-papal position (raise standards of clergy, remove superstitious images, enforce preaching of scripture), Second set of injunctions (autumn 1538) required parishes to have English bible, keep register of baptisms, marriages and burials
- law of treason - 1534 treason act (attempt death of king/queen/heir by act or malicious desire in writing, call the king a heretic, infidel, usurper or tyrant, seize royal castles, ships, ordnance or munitions) -> drawn on a hurdle, hanged, cut down alive, disembowelled, castrated and finally beheaded
- Henry - utter conviction that he was supreme head, bitter intolerance of opposition and terrifying ability to lash out -> personal involvement in burning Protestant John Lambert 1538 (lengths to remove opposition - wore white robe to show purity of catholic faith), international hostility to Henry’s reforms was at its height, Treaty of nice between Charles V and Francis I showed possibility of joint invasion of England
4
Q
What was first act on annates
A
- march 1532
- banned payment of annates to Rome, chief source of papal revenue in England removed
5
Q
What act in restraint of appeals to Rome
A
- February 1533
- began work of transferring papal powers to king
- king now supreme head of church
- Rome had no power to rule over matrimonial cases -> Cranmer declared Henry’s marriage with Catherine null/void
6
Q
What was second act of annates
A
- January 1534
- confirmed first act of annates, abbots/bishops were to be appointed by king not pope
7
Q
What was act to stop peters pence
A
- January 1534
- abolished payment of taxation to Rome
8
Q
What was act of submission of the clergy
A
- march 1534
- appeals in ecclesiastical matters to be handled by kings court not archbishops
9
Q
What was first act of succession
A
- march 1534
- registered Henry’s marriage to Catherine as invalid and replaced with marriage to Anne
- Anne children were now heir
- nation would take oath upholding their marriage -> treasonable offence to attack/deny marriage
10
Q
What was act of supremacy
A
- November 1534
- with oath of supremacy administered to all religious houses
- Henry is supreme head of Church of England
- right to carry out visitations of monasteries
11
Q
What was valor Ecclesiasticus
A
- January 1535
- survey cromwell commissioned to look at wealth/condition of the church
- justify shutting down catholic monasteries
12
Q
When was Cromwell made vice-gerent in spirituals
A
- January 1535
- deputy to the king in religious matters
13
Q
What was act for dissolution of lesser monasteries
A
- February 1536
- monasteries worth less than £200 were closed - 300 houses fell within this category, Henry granted 67 exemptions (still carried out religious duties effectively)
- attack on monastic life (praying for dead souls, purgatory)
- displaced monks/nuns were released from their vows allowing them to take up employment as secular clergy
- larger monasteries were praised, head of houses offered pensions for retirement
14
Q
What was act of 10 articles
A
- July 1536
- seven sacraments of catholic doctrine rejected -> belief in only baptism, Eucharist, penance
15
Q
When was trial/execution of john lambert
A
- November 1538
- rejection of transubstantiation
- symbol of Henrys commitment to catholic belief in christs real presence in Eucharist
16
Q
When was Henry excommunication
A
- December 1538
17
Q
What was act for dissolution of greater monasteries
A
- June 1539
- all monasteries closed and land passed to Henry
- legitimised voluntary surrenders that already happened, giving parliamentary sanction to Cromwell’s actions
18
Q
What was act of six articles
A
- June 1539
- showed slight swing back to Catholicism
- confirmed transubstantiation, private masses (allowed Catholics to do own mass - not forced into Protestantism), hearing of confession by priests
- banned marriage of priests, marriage of anyone who took vow of chastity, taking of communion in both kinds by normal people
19
Q
When was Cromwell arrested/executed
A
- June 1540 - arrested
- July 1540 - executed
- set him up with ugly Anne of cleves
20
Q
What was act for the advancement of true religion
A
- may 1543
- restricted access to English bible to upper class men/noblewomen in private
- poor people interpret bible for themselves -> radical views so Henry might lose control of them
21
Q
When was English litany introduced into churches
A
- may 1544
- replaces catholic used of Latin litany - but priests didn’t have to use it
22
Q
Who was appointed to tutor Edward
A
- July 1544
- sir john cheke who was a Protestant Humanist
23
Q
What was chantries act
A
- December 1545
- allowed for dissolution of chantries -> said prayers, chanted for souls of dead
- not enforced
24
Q
When was Anne askew burned
A
- July 1546
- denied transubstantiation
- evidence of his continued commitment to parts of Catholicism
25
When did Henry name regency for Edward
- July 1546
- heavily Protestant regency - Protestant influenced inheritance
26
What state were monasteries in before dissolution of the monasteries
- wealthy -> £160000 income per year for religious houses
- 1/3 landed property belonged to monasteries
- monastic incomes were 3 times income of royal estates
- varying standards of behaviour - some strict whist others were lenient/disobeyed vows
27
List causes of the dissolution of the monasteries
- financial motives -> massive building of fortifications was paid by monastic wealth, got to reduce wealth
- ending opponents of reformation -> some fiercest opponents were Franciscans/Carthusians (monks)
- continental influence -> houses were also dissolved in Scandinavia/Germany
- patronage/greed -> laity gamines increasing appetite for land and caste in sales of monastic land
- imperial idea -> monasteries perceived as last bastions of popery, Henry growing sense of xenophobia
- allegiance to Rome -> monasticism deemed outdated/unnecessary in its existence/belief, most monks took oath of supremacy to show allegiance to crown
- abuses/decay -> monks/nuns werent fulfilling vows of chastity, poverty and obedience
28
What evidence is there that finance was main motive of dissolution of monasteries
- 1533 Henry expresses clear goal to increase wealth
- 1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus - earlier on they inspect wealth of monasteries
- rich nobles could gain land for cheaper -> resulting in less opposition
29
List the events of dissolution of monasteries
- 1533 Henry announced intentions to increase crowns revenue by taking over church lands
- 1534 intentions confirmed by anonymous proposal suggesting confiscation of all ecclesiastical lands -> crown meant to support clergy with annual salaries
- 1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus - understand church wealth, put monasteries in worst light to persuade parliament to let them be dissolved
- 1536 parliament passed act for dissolution of lesser monasteries (income less than £200 a year) -> places of manifest, sin, vicious and abominable living
- 1537 voluntary surrender of larger houses took place in summer -> all monasteries under attack
- 1538 within 16 months 202 large houses dissolved
- 1539 second act of dissolution of monasteries passed -> legitimised voluntary surrenders that already happened, giving parliamentary sanction to Cromwell’s actions
- 1540 surrender of Waltham abbey in March
30
Is dissolution of monasteries preplanned
- Cromwell had masterplan of dissolution of monasteries from 1530s - promised to make Henry rich at expense of church, saw monasticism as corrupt, failing and anachronistic
- can be considered that stent of monastic wealth wasn’t known until Valor Ecclesiasticus
- maybe Henry and Cromwell only planned dissolution for smaller houses and had no intention dissolving larger houses
- wouldn’t have gotten away with it if they dissolved all houses in one go
31
List impact of dissolution of monasteries
- monastic buildings -> Henry charged with cultural vandalism due to wholesale destruction of magnificent gothic churchs/loss of books/images, Henry invested some newly found wealth for education (new cathedral grammar schools set up)
- monks/friars -> most found alternative employment within church, 6500/8000 moved on (supplied with pensions)
- nuns -> less well off, 2000 nuns allowed to neither marry/become priests
- poor -> monasteries had helped poor, only aggravated already worsening problem
- profit -> Henry charged with squandering wealth acquired in sale of monastic lands, from may 1543 rush to sell land to finance wars with Scotland/France (1542-46 - £2 million), half of land remained in Henry possession in 1547, by 1547 crown made £800000 from sales (mostly cash) so subjects spared harsh taxation
- social change -> powers of patronage lay with squires, jps, chief landowners (not church)
32
List causes for licolnshire uprising
- tensions raised by work of 3 govt commissions operating in the county
- commissions dissolved smaller monasteries, collected subsidy, inspected quality of clergy and enforced new religious law
- started by rumours the commission were taking church plate (silver), gold, jewels and extra taxes
33
List events of Lincolnshire uprising
- began in Louth 1st October 1536 -> joined parallel uprising in Horncastle
- people of horncastle lynched bishop of Lincoln -> led by Nicolas melton (captain cobbler
- 10000 people assembled at Lincoln and drew up several lists of articles -> grievances of gentry/commons
- collaboration of gentry and commons stop as Duke of suffolks army draws near -> gentry run for cover/sought forgiveness, commons fall into confusion
34
How does Lincolnshire uprising show opposition to reformation
- specifically cite dissolution of monasteries as one of their complaints
- uprising triggered by the commissions
- however anger incited by rumours rather than facts
- were more angry about taxes/taking of silver rather than religious principles
- uprising ended fairly quickly -> opposition not that strong
35
How widespread was support for Lincolnshire uprising
- support of 10000 people was a lot at the time
- captured Lincolnshire
- didnt have nobles/gentry supporting the cause - no high level support
- was over quite quickly
36
How significant was Lincolnshire uprising
- made a list of specific complaints -> forced Henry to send out army
- attacked advisors but didnt directly attack king -> avoiding treason
- triggered pilgrimage of grace
37
List causes of pilgrimage of grace
- trigger was religion
- economic -> opposed Henry’s demand for taxes, hostility to Cromwell’s initiative of taxing in times of peace (1534 subsidy act), opposition to statute of uses (feudal tax on aristocratic landed inheritances), poor harvests (1535-36), renewal of tenancies, border tenures (granting of land in return for military service), enclosures and increasing rent
- political -> Cromwell considered evil genius behind it all (treason act, royal supremacy and heresy), scapegoating of Cromwell/henchmen (Richard riche adn Thomas Audley) was useful for gentry/nobility engaging in politics, aristocratic feud (attempt by nobility to increase power/influence at court), angry at position of Cromwell/Anne Boleyn
- religious -> defence of faith (end of draining church’s wealth, renunciation of royal supremacy, catholic Mary made legitimate), dissolution considered by Aske to be greatest cause, monasteries played important secular/spiritual role (provided clothing, food and shelter for travellers/poor, provided tenancies for farmers, safe house for goods)
38
List events of pilgrimage of grace
- news of Lincolnshire uprising spreads to robbert Aske (Yorkshire lawyer) 4th October 1536 -> sent letters across county calling on men to maintain holy church
- 10th October 1536 -> Aske became chief captain of army of 30000
- rebels made headquarters in York then moved to Pontefract -> lord darcy handed over Pontefract castle (most important fortress in north)
- the Pontefract articles (24 demands - 9 religious) -> demanded return to papal authority, also economic legal political demands (including end to enclosure) and parliament up north
- Aske provided disciplined leadership -> makes sure all goods are paid for, no murders committed
- Henry sent delegation led by Duke of Norfolk to meet rebels -> rebels presented 5 articles, truce signed 27th october where Henry offered no concessions except pardoning all but 10 ringleaders
- southern support -> priest egged on by butcher to preach support for northern rebels in presence of kings army (hanged immediately)
- Aske eventually tried for treason/executed in York for his part in rebellion
39
Was pilgrimage of grace a threat
- potential for foreign support -> other European countries strongly catholic and could back northern rebels
- involvement of nobility -> support from all elements of society, rebellion more prepared/supported than usual
40
What happened in sir Francis bigods revolt and the Cumberland uprising
- January 1537
- disaffected rebel (bigod) unconvinced of govt sincerity about deal made with gentry
- bigod planned to capture hull/Scarborough and force Duke of Norfolk to act as go between -> collapsed after a few days, bigod fled/arrested in Cumberland (frustrated commoners had launched own unsuccessful attack on Carlisle in early February)
- Percy family destroyed, land handed over to crown, greater royal control of north was ensured through reorganisation of council of the north
41
What is importance of religion in shaping foreign policy
- greater matter/royal supremacy caused foreign affair issues -> alliance with France falls apart (Francis doesnt want to associate with heretical power - eager to maintain peaceful relations with Charles), Catherine was aunt of Charles (against Henrys treatment of her)
- 1536 - after deaths of Catherine/Anne Boleyn there was possibility international relations could improve
- 1538 Spain and France sign peace of nice (10 year truce) -> military defences strengthened in anticipation of catholic invasion (pope calls for anti English crusade, cardinal pole urges Charles and Francis to overthrow England)
- Henry carries out purge of pole family -> brothers/mother arrested, Henry Courtenay and sir Edward Neville arrested/executed for treason, removes Yorkist faction/silences pro-papal resurgence
- 1539 Franco Spain amity continues -> Henry displays belief in orthodox catholic doctrine through passing of 6 articles (reassured catholic Europe)
- Lutheran embassy visited England -> no agreement as Henry reluctant to align with heretics, Lutherans sceptical of his commitment to religious reform
- proposed marriage alliance between England and duchy of cleves -> Duke of cleves werent Lutheran but were part of alliance
42
List reasons for fall of Anne Boleyn
- gave birth to Elizabeth and miscarried deformed foetus -> Henry viewed as evil omen
- her reformed views didnt sit well with conservatives (Gardiner and Norfolk)
- may 1536 accused of committing multiple adultery (too flirtatious) -> found guilty/executed along with groom of the stool, Anne’s brothers and others
- she made enemies -> Catherine sympathises
43
List reasons for fall of Cromwell
- marriage to Anne of cleves 1539 -> ugly, Cromwell had encouraged marriage to create English Hapsburg alliance (prevent catholic crusade from France and Hapsburgs), Franco Hapsburg hostilities meant marriage unnecessary
- courting/marriage to Catherine Howard 1540 -> Henry infatuated, highlights Cromwell’s failure even more
- increasing influence of conservative/catholic faction 1540 onwards -> convince Henry into believing Cromwell was trying o make church fully Protestant (could be charged with heresy), Gardiner and Howard gathered damaging information on him (protected Protestants in Calais, unwilling to enforce terms of 6 articles), reformists tendencies (Protestant sympathies)
44
Outline Henry’s health issues
- may 1527 - wore velvet slipper, foot pains began in mid 1520s
- 1536 - severe jousting accident
- spring 1537 - diagnosed with ulcerated legs
- April 1538 - almost died, doctors bandaged leg ulcers, speechless, black in face
- frequently suffered from scurvy - Henry’s diet many meat and no fresh food
45
How was Henry’s relationship with Scotland in his last few years
- Henry believed James v showed lack of respect towards him - frightened Scotland less likely to interfere with attack on France, James strong anti English feeling (heightened as henry advised james how to deal with church - patronising)
- henry set up meeting with james in York - failed attempt at good relations, henry public humiliation -> henry retaliates
- November 1542 battle of solway moss - Norfolk led army to scottish border, vandalism (looting burning etc) -> Scottish army invaded England but fail (10000 Scottish v 3000 English), James dies (Mary is heiress), Mary to marry Edward but Scotland refuses
- 1544 burning of Edinburgh (part of the rough wooing war) - Earl of Hertford leads expedition -> failure as Scottish are very anti English, success as Scotland are too occupied to intervene with war between France and England
46
How was Henrys relationship with France in his last few years
- 1542 Charles v agrees to joint invasion of France
- July 1544 Henry launches invasion of France (army of 40000 goes to Calais) - September boulogne surrenders, Spain and France become allies again on same day -> Henry alone in war needs to make peace settlement but wants to keep boulogne
- 1545 french sail to England and sink Mary rose (fail to get boulogne back) - Henry keeps boulogne then gives it back for £600000, then France promises to give £35000 pension so they get boulogne back at bargain price
47
What was negative impact of war for Henry
- war becoming extremely expensive due to inflation and new weapons -> other than taxes Henry had access to church money but it was finite
- expenses led to debasement of coin - led to currency regarded with suspicion
48
What was Henry role in foreign policy post Wolsey
- foreign policy was kings own work, result of his own ambition - 1546 advisors urging peace
- Henry not up to task of playing major role in European affairs without Wolsey - English resources didnt match his ambition
49
What was Henry’s role in govt post Cromwell
- doesnt have another chief minster after fall of Cromwell 1540 -> couldnt give anyone the responsibility, Conservative faction didnt want him to be replaces
- henry used lesser advisers in 1540s - his role in govt continued to be significant
50
What was the conservative faction
- wanted personal power and change back to Catholicism
- issue of succession arose mid 1540s
- 1547 Conservative faction dont succeed - outmanoeuvred by new faction (nobles, courtiers and civil servants)
- conservatives fail to secure/hold onto power - Henry unwilling to allow one faction to dominate (he supported Gardiner at one point then Cranmer), Henry had no desire to reverse religious changes (might detract supremacy as head of church)
- Duke of Norfolk (by mid 40s) was ageing figure - Gardiner was effective but spent a lot of time as ambassador to Charles v
- norfolks niece (Catherine howard) was convicted of treasonable adultery ad executed
- Henrys marriage to Catherine Howard was triumph for conservatives
- conservatives attempted to link Anne askew to Hertford faction
51
What was Hertford faction
- Catherine parr was Protestant reformer and central to faction -> brother in law sir William Herbert was to become chief gentleman of privy chamber
- 1546 Hertford faction consolidate/confirm position for rest of Henrys reign
- summer 1546 tighten control - Denny given control of dry stamp (political dynamite), Conservative faction dismembered (Gardiner removed from privy council and Denny barred him from personally interceding with king), Surrey and Norfolk accused of treason (Surrey and father executed, Norfolk spared due to kings death
52
What was Henrys will
- wasn’t signed until month after death
- excluded Norfolk and Gardiner from regency council ->16 members to govern until Edward was 18
- left crown to Edward, Mary and Elizabeth successively
- clause added to empower council to award gifts Henry intended to give but not officially -> used by Hertford to name himself protector
53
How were standards of living/economy towards end of Henry’s reign
- wars had disastrous effects on economy - money spent on defence, mercenaries, size of armies and length of wars
- price of goods rising before 1540 - measures taken to pay for wars
- taxation necessary as revenue from land not enough to fund wars - parliament granted subsidies, raised forces loans over £110000 (still not enough)
- sale of royal land and debasement of currency - crown had fewer resources to fall back on, had to seek help from external parties (parliament)
- debasement of currency - govt collected and melted coins then produced new ones, worth less as they contained less precious metal -> govt gained large sum from this, increased inflation, continued until 1555
54
What were issues of religion towards end of Henrys reign -
- threats from abroad suggest religious policy needs to be more cautious
- 1540s Henry defends his supremacy against further Protestant reforms - might provoke Conservative rebellion, catholic reaction might seek return to Rome
- act of 6 articles 1539 - more catholic nature, Henry encourages teachings in English -> production of kings book, statement of doctrines of church of England
- insistent on restricting access to English bible - noblemen could read in private, unlikely to challenge/question order of society
- social/political purpose behind religious policy - king aware of factions, putting social order before religious extremism
- 1543 Cranmer accused of heresy by conservative enemies (led by Gardiner) - hoped it would lead to his downfall but Henry defended him -> punishment could stir major unrest eg Kent Protestants already felt attacked
55
What was Exeter conspiracy
- 1538
- attempt to overthrow Henry and replace him with marquess of Exeter
- existence of conspiracy shows he was losing grip
56
