CONSOLIDATION OF COLD WAR Flashcards
When was the invasion of Afghanistan?
December 1979
Initially how many Soviet troops were flown into Afghanistan?
50,000
Within months 100,000 troops were stationed
What was the USA reaction to invasion of Afghanistan?
- USA fears USSR expansion on control towards the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf -> contains world oil supply
- Carter bans grain export to USSR
- Withdraw SALT 2
- Boycott Moscow Olympics 1980
- Finance supply of weapons to mujahideen -> also send missiles
What were the consequences on US-Soviet relations of the invasion of Afghanistan?
- Carter was unwilling to let the USSR get away
- More strident approach of USA (supported by Thatcher)
- Widespread condemnation of USSR -> expansionist tendencies seen
- Carter was perceived as weak in dealing with Soviet aggression
What were the summary of events of invasion of Afghanistan?
- coup overthrows monarchy -> embark on radical reform that provokes Muslim fundamentalists (opposition)
- Moscow worries about effect of Muslim fundamentalists within Russia
- Afghanistan last buffer between Islam and USSR
- USSR invade and crush Muslim fundamentalist rebels and stabilise govt
List features about Reagan’s impact on Cold War?
- very anti-communist -> evil empire speech
- supporting anti-communist forces in Afghanistan, Angola and Cambodia
- Reagan Doctrine was very cost effective
- SDI/Star Wars - put Soviet military in state of fear, couldn’t defeat it
- arms race is amplified, no compromise
Explain neoconservatism and change in presidency (changes after 1975)
- rise of neoconservatives -> harsh on communism
- Reagan and thatcher -> strong UK/US partnership
- election reflective of public opinion - shows incline towards neoconservatism
- carter (1977-81) was religious democrat -> presented as bad president, indecisive
- Vance (secretary of state) wants better relations whilst brzezinski was very anti-USSR -> opposing views
- detente loses momentum, very soft
How did Mao react to Khrushchev’s secret speech?
- sees him as weakening communism
- retreating from true Marxism and Leninism
- opposed destalinisation
How did closer relations between China and USA impact superpower relations?
- forced USSR into detente/strengthened USSR want for detente -> china no longer an alliance
When and where did Nixon and Brezhnev meet?
Moscow - 1972
Washington - 1973
Define realpolitik
Kissinger’s policy of practicality, pragmatic approach, cooperation
Define Ostpolitik
Brandt’s policy of normalisation of relations between east and west Germany
Removes hallstein doctrine - don’t recognise each other
Why was economics a key factor for the USSR to pursue detente?
Spending too much money in arms race, couldn’t afford it
When was the Basic Principles Agreement and what did it agree?
- may 1973
- lays out terms on nuclear confrontation
What was the aim of Helsinki Accords?
Framework for peace in Europe
What were the 3 baskets of Helsinki Accords?
Human rights
Security
Trade
During 1960s who was chancellor of west Germany?
Willy Brandt
When did east and west Germany formally recognise each other?
1970
In what conflict did Egypt and Syria attach Israel in 1973?
Yom-kippur war
Which two presidents followed Nixon as presidents?
Reagan, ford
Which countries in Africa turned communist with USSR support in 1970s
Angola
Ethiopia
Mozambique
Summarise Indo-Pakistan war 1971
- India helps Pakistani resistance to khan
- millions of Bangladeshis move to India
- China supports Bangladesh and USA send troops to India
- Hotline used for first time under Nixon
Soviet-china clash avoided - USA gets involved
Sign of collaboration - detente is still real, before SALT
USA exploits position as peacemaker to strengthen bond with China
Summarise Chile conflict
- Allende is communist
USA views him as threat to interests in Latin America - USA reduces economic aid and uses propaganda
- Allende issues radical nationalisation
- overthrown by Pinochet
- No direct involvement - USA criticised for helping destabilise govt
USA still obviously hates communism
Ineffective detente - lack of trust
Summarise third world issue with Angola and Namibia
- Portuguese coup - decolonisation
- USSR backs communist party in Angola and USA back main opposition party
- USSR fly in Cuban troops (proxy war, cant use Soviet troops) - secure regime
Angola becomes communist despite USA involvement
What were main achievements of detente before 1973?
SALT
Helsinki
US-China relations
Ostpolitik
Willingness to communicate and meet - changing attitudes
What were the events of Yon-Kippur war 1973
- USSR has military advisers in Egypt
- Nasser dies and new leader Sadat distances himself from USSR
- Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on Israel (October)
- Brezhnev talks of intervening - USA opposes
what was sdi 1983
- strategic defence initiative or star wars
- develop laser weapons to use from space
- andropov walked out of talks
- usa effectively won the arms race
- 1983 was the tensest year since cuban missile crisis
what was start 1982
- strategic arms reduction talks
- genveva
what was solidarity (in poland) 1980-82
- gdansk workers in poland formed the trade union solidarity
- leader was lech walesa, had 10 million members
- december 81 - general jaruzelski took over the polish government and broke up solidarity
- usa worked scretly with the pope (who was polish) to keep solidarity alive (smuggled money and info)
what was reagans impact on relations
- very anti communist
- evil empire speech 1982
- increase in defence spending
what and when was the carter doctrine
january 1980 - usa would repel by force, if necessary, any threat to american interests in the persian gulf
list the consequences of afghanistan 1979
- withdrew salt 2 (carter declared the invasion a threat to world peace) - more confrontational relations
- carter doctrine announced
- americans overreact about the invasion just to end detente
- 1980 presidential election - reagan ridicules carter for being weak
list the events of afghanistan 1979
- 25th december - soviet forces invaded afghanistan (claimed they were invited by amin)
- 27th december - amin assassinated by soviet and replaced by karmal (they remain for 10 years fighting off opponents of karmal)
what caused afghanistan 1979
- afghanstan acted as buffer between iran and ussr
- ussr didnt want muslim fundamentalism to spread
- april 78 - khan is assassinated and pro-communist taraki takes over
- amin topples government in 1979 (ussr first supported but though he was a usa spy)
list the events of detente
1963 - hotline, brezhnev becomes leader, test ban treaty
1965 - us involvement in vietnam increases
1967 - outer space teaty, six day war
1968 - ussr develops abm (anti ballistic missiles) designed to shoot down icbms, nixon elected,
nuclear non proliferation treaty
1969 - billy brandt (west germany) building better realtions between east and west
1972 - salt 1, nixon visits moscow and china
1973 - yom kippur war (arab v israel), brezhnev visits washington
1974 - nixon visits moscow, negotiations begins for salt 2
1975 - apollo-soyuz mission, helsinki accords
1977 - carter sends letter to sakharov
1979 - salt 2, us embassy in tehran taken over by islamic militants, ussr invaded afghanistan, usa cancels salt 2
how did the usa react to prague spring
attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the un
how did other communist countries react to prague spring
- strained relationship between yugoslavia/romania and ussr
- italy and france communist parties cut links to moscow
- east germany and poland agreed with brezhnevs actions
what was the brezhnev doctrine
26th september 1968 - soviet paper (pravda) published speech setting out brezhnev doctrine
actions of any individual country effects the others - so would be prevented from introducing reforms
list the reactions of the ussr to the prague spring 1968
- didnt like it, could spread to other satellite states
- brezhnev approved of the ideas
- 20th august 1968 - warsaw pact troops invade czechoslovakia and end the prague spring
list the reactions of the czech people to the prague spring 1968
- enthusiasm
- joy and excitement
- ducek invites ceausescu of romaini and tito of yugoslavia (brezhnev was not on good terms with them)
what was the prague spring 1968
dubcek - socialism with a human face, first secretary of czech communist party
- introduced in april in prague
- censorship relaxed and criticism of government allowed
- trade unions had greater powers + government control of industries were reduced
- trade with west increased
- greater freedom to travel abroad
- multi party elections
list some causes of the prague spring 1968
impact of soviet rule
- secret police maintained control
- czech economy run for the benefit of the ussr
- czech government carried out purges
- lack of representation in the czech government
- protest against low standards of living
unpopular leaders
- novotny was leader from 1957
list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the ussr
positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- khrushchev dismissed in 1964
- militray though he was forced into a embarrassing withdrawal
list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the usa
positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- cuba remained a communist country
- still athreat to the usa
list the events of the Cuban missile crisis
14th October - american u2 plane takes pictures of launch pads for missiles
15th - experts look at pictures and conclude they’re missiles
16th - Kennedy shown photos and excomm called to discuss how to react
21st - Kennedy makes decision
what is the effect on Cuba of the bay of pigs
receiving arms from ussr
have a strong superpower ally
able to threaten usa with weapons
list the effects on ussr of the bay of pigs
clear indication of popularity of communism
stronger relations with Cuba
what were the effects on the USA of the bay of pigs
humiliating defeat
hypocrites - usa accused ussr of building an empire in Eastern Europe but they seem to be doing the same thing by invading Cuba
Kennedy concerned that the usa would supply Cuba with arms
list usa reasons for failure at the bay of pigs
volunteers had little military experience
castros government discovered the plans beforehand
USA wrongly assumed that Cubans disliked castro
explain the bay of pigs event
17th April 1961 Cuban exiles invade Cuba, they are defeated
castro expected their attack
USA made it look like they weren’t involved, however it was obvious because of the use of the weapons
list the effects of the Cuban revolution on usa-Cuba relations
USA government reluctantly recognised the new government and refused to give economic aid
castro didn’t want Cuba under USA rule
Cuba economy damaged as USA main source of income
1961 USA breaks off diplomatic relations with cuba
what were the effects of the wall on the ussr
suggestive that berliners preferred capitalism over communism
stopped refugees leaving to the west via east berlin
explain vienna summit
june 1961
kennedy meets khrushchev
kennedy damaged reputation from bay of pigs
explain the paris summit
may 1960
u2 spy plane shot down
eisenhower refused to apologise
khrushchev walks out
explain the camp david summit
september 1959
eisenhower and khrushchev meet face to face for the first time
withdraw berlin ultimatum
better relations
explain the geneva summit
may 1959
foreign ministers
proposals for how berlin shoudl be run
explain krushchevs berlin ultimatum
november 1958 - western countries should recognise east germany as a separate country
berlin should be demilitarised
berlin should become a free city
6 months or khrushchev would hand over control of all routes to east germany
west was outraged
when did the refugee crisis take place
1949 to 1958
by 1958 3 million east germans moved to the west
list consequences of the hungarian uprising
many hungarians fled
communist leadership in the country
usa and britain dont intervene
ed sullivan raises $6 million by 1957
worse relatio
list key dates of the hungarian uprising
all 1956
23rd october - students hold demonstrations
24th october - street fights
25th october - 300 man down from machine gun fire
27th october - students bodies are found
28th october - freedom fighters control budapest
29th october - ussr leave budapest
1st november - soviet troops return to hungary
4th november - uprising crushed
list causes of the hungarian uprising and their impact
hungary after ww2 - lack of democracy, hungarian people were not listened to
impact of soviet rule - dictatorial rule, lack of democracy
rule of rakosi - decreases popularity
de-stalinisation - destalinisation provided false hopes
