CONSOLIDATION OF COLD WAR Flashcards
1
Q
When was the invasion of Afghanistan?
A
December 1979
2
Q
Initially how many Soviet troops were flown into Afghanistan?
A
- 50,000
- Within months 100,000 troops were stationed
3
Q
What was the USA reaction to invasion of Afghanistan?
A
- USA fears USSR expansion on control towards the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf -> contains world oil supply
- Carter bans grain export to USSR
- Withdraw SALT 2
- Boycott Moscow Olympics 1980
- Finance supply of weapons to mujahideen, channelled by cia through Pakistan/china -> also send missiles
4
Q
What were the consequences on US-Soviet relations of the invasion of Afghanistan?
A
- Carter was unwilling to let the USSR get away
- More strident approach of USA (supported by Thatcher)
- Widespread condemnation of USSR -> expansionist tendencies seen
- Carter was perceived as weak in dealing with Soviet aggression
5
Q
What were the summary of events of invasion of Afghanistan?
A
- coup overthrows monarchy -> embark on radical reform that provokes Muslim fundamentalists (opposition)
- Moscow worries about effect of Muslim fundamentalists within Russia
- Afghanistan last buffer between Islam and USSR
- USSR invade and crush Muslim fundamentalist rebels and stabilise govt
6
Q
List features about Reagan’s impact on Cold War?
A
- very anti-communist -> evil empire speech
- supporting anti-communist forces in Afghanistan, Angola and Cambodia
- Reagan Doctrine was very cost effective
- SDI/Star Wars - put Soviet military in state of fear, couldn’t defeat it
- arms race is amplified, no compromise
7
Q
Explain neoconservatism and change in presidency (changes after 1975)
A
- rise of neoconservatives -> harsh on communism
- Reagan and thatcher -> strong UK/US partnership
- election reflective of public opinion - shows incline towards neoconservatism
- carter (1977-81) was religious democrat -> presented as bad president, indecisive
- Vance (secretary of state) wants better relations whilst brzezinski was very anti-USSR -> opposing views
- detente loses momentum, very soft
8
Q
How did Mao react to Khrushchev’s secret speech?
A
- sees him as weakening communism
- retreating from true Marxism and Leninism
- opposed destalinisation
9
Q
How did closer relations between China and USA impact superpower relations?
A
- forced USSR into detente/strengthened USSR want for detente -> china no longer an alliance
10
Q
When and where did Nixon and Brezhnev meet?
A
Moscow - 1972
Washington - 1973
11
Q
Define realpolitik
A
Kissinger’s policy of practicality, pragmatic approach, cooperation
12
Q
Define Ostpolitik
A
Brandt’s policy of normalisation of relations between east and west Germany
Removes hallstein doctrine - don’t recognise each other
13
Q
Why was economics a key factor for the USSR to pursue detente?
A
Spending too much money in arms race, couldn’t afford it
14
Q
When was the Basic Principles Agreement and what did it agree?
A
- may 1973
- lays out terms on nuclear confrontation
15
Q
What was the aim of Helsinki Accords?
A
Framework for peace in Europe
16
Q
What were the 3 baskets of Helsinki Accords?
A
Human rights
Security
Trade
17
Q
During 1960s who was chancellor of west Germany?
A
Willy Brandt
18
Q
When did east and west Germany formally recognise each other?
A
1970
19
Q
In what conflict did Egypt and Syria attack Israel in 1973?
A
Yom-kippur war
20
Q
Which countries in Africa turned communist with USSR support in 1970s
A
Angola
Ethiopia
Mozambique
21
Q
Summarise Indo-Pakistan war 1971
A
- India helps Pakistani resistance to khan
- millions of Bangladeshis move to India
- China supports Bangladesh and USA send troops to India
- Hotline used for first time under Nixon
Soviet-china clash avoided - USA gets involved
Sign of collaboration - detente is still real, before SALT
USA exploits position as peacemaker to strengthen bond with China
22
Q
Summarise Chile conflict
A
- Allende is communist
USA views him as threat to interests in Latin America - USA reduces economic aid and uses propaganda
- Allende issues radical nationalisation
- overthrown by Pinochet
- No direct involvement - USA criticised for helping destabilise govt
USA still obviously hates communism
Ineffective detente - lack of trust
23
Q
Summarise third world issue with Angola and Namibia
A
- Portuguese coup - decolonisation
- USSR backs communist party in Angola and USA back main opposition party
- USSR fly in Cuban troops (proxy war, cant use Soviet troops) - secure regime
Angola becomes communist despite USA involvement
24
Q
What were main achievements of detente before 1973?
A
SALT
Helsinki
US-China relations
Ostpolitik
Willingness to communicate and meet - changing attitudes
25
What were the events of Yon-Kippur war 1973
- USSR has military advisers in Egypt
- Nasser dies and new leader Sadat distances himself from USSR
- Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on Israel (October)
- Brezhnev talks of intervening - USA opposes
26
what was sdi 1983
- strategic defence initiative or star wars
- develop laser weapons to use from space
- andropov walked out of talks
- usa effectively won the arms race
- 1983 was the tensest year since cuban missile crisis
27
what was start 1982
- strategic arms reduction talks
- genveva
28
what was solidarity (in poland) 1980-82
- gdansk workers in poland formed the trade union solidarity
- leader was lech walesa, had 10 million members
- december 81 - general jaruzelski took over the polish government and broke up solidarity
- usa worked scretly with the pope (who was polish) to keep solidarity alive (smuggled money and info)
29
what was reagans impact on relations
- very anti communist
- evil empire speech 1983
- increase in defence spending
30
what and when was the carter doctrine
january 1980 - usa would repel by force, if necessary, any threat to american interests in the persian gulf
31
list the consequences of afghanistan 1979
- withdrew salt 2 (carter declared the invasion a threat to world peace) - more confrontational relations
- carter doctrine announced
- americans overreact about the invasion just to end detente
- 1980 presidential election - reagan ridicules carter for being weak
32
list the events of afghanistan 1979
- 25th december - soviet forces invaded afghanistan (claimed they were invited by amin)
- 27th december - amin assassinated by soviet and replaced by karmal (they remain for 10 years fighting off opponents of karmal)
33
what caused afghanistan 1979
- afghanstan acted as buffer between iran and ussr
- ussr didnt want muslim fundamentalism to spread
- april 78 - khan is assassinated and pro-communist taraki takes over
- amin topples government in 1979 (ussr first supported but though he was a usa spy)
34
list the events of detente
1963 - hotline, brezhnev becomes leader, test ban treaty
1965 - us involvement in vietnam increases
1967 - outer space teaty, six day war
1968 - ussr develops abm (anti ballistic missiles) designed to shoot down icbms, nixon elected,
nuclear non proliferation treaty
1969 - billy brandt (west germany) building better realtions between east and west
1972 - salt 1, nixon visits moscow and china
1973 - yom kippur war (arab v israel), brezhnev visits washington
1974 - nixon visits moscow, negotiations begins for salt 2
1975 - apollo-soyuz mission, helsinki accords
1977 - carter sends letter to sakharov
1979 - salt 2, us embassy in tehran taken over by islamic militants, ussr invaded afghanistan, usa cancels salt 2
35
how did the usa react to prague spring
attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the un
36
how did other communist countries react to prague spring
- strained relationship between yugoslavia/romania and ussr
- italy and france communist parties cut links to moscow
- east germany and poland agreed with brezhnevs actions
37
what was the brezhnev doctrine
26th september 1968 - soviet paper (pravda) published speech setting out brezhnev doctrine
actions of any individual country effects the others - so would be prevented from introducing reforms
38
list the reactions of the ussr to the prague spring 1968
- didnt like it, could spread to other satellite states
- brezhnev approved of the ideas
- 20th august 1968 - warsaw pact troops invade czechoslovakia and end the prague spring
39
list the reactions of the czech people to the prague spring 1968
- enthusiasm
- joy and excitement
- ducek invites ceausescu of romaini and tito of yugoslavia (brezhnev was not on good terms with them)
40
what was the prague spring 1968
dubcek - socialism with a human face, first secretary of czech communist party
- introduced in april in prague
- censorship relaxed and criticism of government allowed
- trade unions had greater powers + government control of industries were reduced
- trade with west increased
- greater freedom to travel abroad
- multi party elections
41
list some causes of the prague spring 1968
impact of soviet rule
- secret police maintained control
- czech economy run for the benefit of the ussr
- czech government carried out purges
- lack of representation in the czech government
- protest against low standards of living
unpopular leaders
- novotny was leader from 1957
42
list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the ussr
positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- khrushchev dismissed in 1964
- militray though he was forced into a embarrassing withdrawal
43
list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the usa
positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- cuba remained a communist country
- still athreat to the usa
44
list the events of the Cuban missile crisis
14th October - american u2 plane takes pictures of launch pads for missiles
15th - experts look at pictures and conclude they're missiles
16th - Kennedy shown photos and excomm called to discuss how to react
21st - Kennedy makes decision
45
what is the effect on Cuba of the bay of pigs
receiving arms from ussr
have a strong superpower ally
able to threaten usa with weapons
46
list the effects on ussr of the bay of pigs
clear indication of popularity of communism
stronger relations with Cuba
47
what were the effects on the USA of the bay of pigs
humiliating defeat
hypocrites - usa accused ussr of building an empire in Eastern Europe but they seem to be doing the same thing by invading Cuba
Kennedy concerned that the usa would supply Cuba with arms
48
list usa reasons for failure at the bay of pigs
volunteers had little military experience
castros government discovered the plans beforehand
USA wrongly assumed that Cubans disliked castro
49
explain the bay of pigs event
17th April 1961 Cuban exiles invade Cuba, they are defeated
castro expected their attack
USA made it look like they weren't involved, however it was obvious because of the use of the weapons
50
list the effects of the Cuban revolution on usa-Cuba relations
USA government reluctantly recognised the new government and refused to give economic aid
castro didn't want Cuba under USA rule
Cuba economy damaged as USA main source of income
1961 USA breaks off diplomatic relations with cuba
51
what were the effects of the wall on the ussr
suggestive that berliners preferred capitalism over communism
stopped refugees leaving to the west via east berlin
52
explain vienna summit
june 1961
kennedy meets khrushchev
kennedy damaged reputation from bay of pigs
53
explain the paris summit
may 1960
u2 spy plane shot down
eisenhower refused to apologise
khrushchev walks out
54
explain the camp david summit
september 1959
eisenhower and khrushchev meet face to face for the first time
withdraw berlin ultimatum
better relations
55
explain the geneva summit
may 1959
foreign ministers
proposals for how berlin shoudl be run
56
explain krushchevs berlin ultimatum
november 1958 - western countries should recognise east germany as a separate country
berlin should be demilitarised
berlin should become a free city
6 months or khrushchev would hand over control of all routes to east germany
west was outraged
57
when did the refugee crisis take place
1949 to 1958
by 1958 3 million east germans moved to the west
58
list consequences of the hungarian uprising
200000 hungarians fled, 20000 arrested, 3000 executed
communist leadership in the country
usa and britain dont intervene
ed sullivan raises $6 million by 1957
worse relations
59
list key dates of the hungarian uprising 1956
- 23rd october - students hold demonstrations -> gero condemned rally via radio, protestors toppled large statue of Stalin in downtown Budapest, radio headquarters attacked
- 24th october - street fights
- 25th october - 300 man down from machine gun fire
- 27th october - students bodies are found
- 28th october - freedom fighters control budapest
- 29th october - ussr leave budapest
- 1st november - soviet troops return to hungary
- 4th november - uprising crushed
60
list causes of the hungarian uprising and their impact
- hungary after ww2 - lack of democracy, hungarian people were not listened to
impact of soviet rule - dictatorial rule, lack of democracy
- rule of rakosi - decreases popularity
- de-stalinisation - destalinisation provided false hopes
61
What was cause of polish revolution 1956
- death of boleslaw bierut march 1956 (first secretary of polish communists) - led to increased rivalry between differing factions of polish communists (hardliners, liberal and reformists)
- krushchev denunciation of Stalins policies at 20th party congress march - publicised in Poland, stimulated nationwide debate about soviet legitimacy
- June - insurrection in poznan where workers strike outside factories (80% of workers) -> protest against shortages of food, bad housing, working conditions, trade relations with ussr
- criticism of Stalins purges/security police - nationwide criticism in Poland of its own secret police (ministry of public security of Poland), in some cities police headquarters were attacked
62
List events of polish revolution 1956
- October - Edward ochab (polish prime minister) proposed gomulka to be first secretary -> he was moderate, wanted political and economic reform
- gomulka accepted to both wings of pzpr (liberal reformers and Stalinist hardliners) - later realised they needed to compromise due to poznan insurrection against pzpr
- main condition of gomulkas governance was removal of hardliner rokossovsky from polish politburo/defence ministry - ochab agreed and rokossovsky was removed
- gomulka brought into polish politburo with associates - appointed first secretary, in position to spearhead reform
- ussr concerned polish reform would go too far - undermines Eastern European economic integration, could encourage other countries in sphere of influence to water down communism
- soviet leaders flew to Warsaw to block gomulka removal of soviet officials - backed down when gomulka assured them that reform/autonomy from ussr would not mean abandonment of communism
63
What were consequences of polish revolution 1956
- gomulka and new govt treated as heroes by polish public - leaders of movement for national liberation, still remained committed to communism
- gave legitimacy to communist movement in Poland - enthusiastic public support, incorporated pro and anti-soviet feeling
- gomulka implemented liberal reforms and secured cancellation of polish debts to Russia - abandonment of collectivisation
- events in Poland reached Hungary - spurred wave of demonstrations/protests for reform that sparked Hungarian reform
64
Why did solidarity emerge
- Wanted government to make changes due to bad economic situation - rising prices and stagnant wages
- Rising costs in oil - recession in the west -> Poland had no market for its exports
- 1979 - worst year for Polish industry since the introduction of communism -> workers aware of standards being worst than west - want to improve standard of living
- 36 regional unions united - they reached an agreement with communist government to allow free and independent trade unions
65
What happened to solidarity in Poland 1980
- July - Edward Gierek’s communist govt responded to recession by raising prices/ stopping wage growth -> immediate strikes in Lublin
- 14 August - Shipyard workers in Gdansk begin major strikes (led by Lech Walesa - former shipyard worker) -> strikers demand rehiring of Walesa, respect for workers’ rights, and legalisation of independent trade unions, strikes spread to other shipyard
- 21 August - govt gives in to shipyard workers’ demands -> agreement signed (have right to strike)
- 17 September - form solidarity (first nationwide trade union), holds its first national congress soon -> poses threat of resistance to govt, trade union threatens one party state
- December - soviet army forces stay on Polish border (threat to invade if Solidarity isnt quashed by govt), Brezhnev chooses not to invade due to American pressure and the ussr commitment in Afghanistan -> abandons Brezhnev doctrine
- 27 March 1981 - some Solidarity members beaten up, 12 million go on strike (largest strike in history of Eastern bloc) -> govt promises investigation into beatings
- 18 Oct 1981 - USSR applies pressure on Polish govt to take action (pressures on Kania to resign) -> succeeded by Jaruzelski (more willing to listen to ussr), Brezhnev directs Jaruzelski to plan counter-measures against Solidarity, threatening military intervention
- 13 Dec 1981 - Jaruzelski imposes martial law and cracks down on Solidarity (leaders arrested), censorship expanded and military on streets -> protests violently broken up by riot police/army, sometimes police fire on demonstrators
- 28 Dec 1981 - all strikes cease
- 8 Oct 1982 - Solidarity officially banned by the Polish govt, movement survives as underground organisation
66
How did events of solidarity contribute to Cold War relations
- Poland is key country in the soviet bloc (geographical position) - provision of forces to Warsaw pac/ population, conflict threatens whole eastern bloc
- Shows USA that nothing has changed from the 1950s - still unwilling to relinquish control, puts Reagan onto more aggressive footing -> USSR doesn’t invade, unlike 1956 (however still pressure)
67
How was ussr affected by invasion of Afghanistan
- 15000 soviet soldiers died
- cost ussr $7.8 billion a year
68
What countries did Reagan encourage overthrowing govts to oppose communism
- overthrow of authoritarian El Salvador and Nicaragua leaders 1979 - better authoritarian than communist
- El salvador - USA give financial/military aid to democratic govt to suppress pro-communist rebels
- Nicaragua - CIA organised/financed army of guerrillas (contras) as they feared another war (like Vietnam) so no use of USA combat troops -> amount agreed to support the contras through congress was limited, covert methods (diversion from money gained from secret arms sales to Iran - exposed in 1986)
