EDWARD VI Flashcards
1
Q
How did Somerset become lord protector
A
- Edward Seymour - Somerset
- Somerset and William paget kept Henrys death a secret - gathered support for Somerset as leader
- Somerset was leader of council and lord protector
- proven to be accomplished military leader (campaigns against Scotland)
2
Q
What was the conflict between the Seymour brothers
A
- sir Thomas Seymour disappointed he wasn’t in regency council
- wanted powerful role of governorship
- encouraged by Thomas Dudley - later emerged as Somerset’s greatest rival in council
- Thomas made lord admiral and given place on council - tried win favour with Edward, plotted to marry Elizabeth 1548, executed in 1549
3
Q
How did Northumberland change kings involvement
A
- 1551 after fall of Somerset Northumberland was lord protector - took over council
- Edward was more involved
- impressed council with his maturity - changed age he would begin rule from 18 to 16
4
Q
How did Somerset rule as lord protector
A
- Somerset determined to exercise full authority - powers didnt come from parliament, cam from letters of patent issued in 1547 by Edward -> given quasi royal powers, could rule almost independently
- members of council complained against his authoritative rule - parliament in session every year but Somerset ruled mostly by proclamation -> 70 in 3 years
- took full control of dry stamp - meant to be supervised by 4 men, insisted on kings signature being countersigned by him
- bypasses privy council by using now servants for consultation - led to opposition by people like Earl of Warwick (Thomas Dudley)
- downfall 1550 - mishandling of foreign/domestic policy
5
Q
What led people to protest/rebel
A
- popular protest - make presence felt by dismantling fences, occupying disputed areas -> protests could spread to other areas
- protests didnt threaten govt - appeal to high authority against local abuses
- govt was surprisingly lenient - punishment restricted to ringleaders
- tudors had to rely on respect for authority to regain control - most protests had limited aims, respect quickly restored if demands not met
- economic/political reasons - population doubled in 100 years, pressure on resources (mainly land) -> rising prices, period of scarcity
6
Q
What even caused the western rebellion
A
- 1547 riot in penryn showed signs of upheaval
- William body secured post of archdean of Cornwall by dubious means - exploited religious reform to enrich himself
- cause of unrest -> govt religious policies, exacerbated by actions of local gentry
7
Q
What were events of western rebellion
A
- spring 1549 new prayer book ordered to be used in Cornwall on whit Sunday -> leader (Humphrey arundell) gathered forces and drew up articles of grievance
- led forces into developing - separate uprising broken out in sampford Courtenay -> local priest forced to ignore new prayer book and return to traditional mass
- two groups met at crediton and met sir peter Carew (make situation worse)
- then met with sir Thomas Denys and sir Hugh pollard - sympathised with desire to prevent further religious reform until Edward is of age -> persuaded to petition govt in orderly war, further interference of Carew and sheriff of Devon prevented truce and rebels moved to besiege Exeter
- govt reacted slowly - lord Russell sent to restore order, believed it was still confined to sampford courtenay -> given inadequate forces
- lord grey and Italian mercenaries arrive - govt able to lift siege -> rebels (6000) disperse into West Country
8
Q
What did the rebels of western rebellion want
A
- 3 sets of articles - 1st by Cornish leaders, 2nd by Devon rioters, 3rd compiled during siege of Exeter mainly by Robert welsh
- called for church to revert to ceremonies used at end of Henrys reign - no significant changes until Edward is of age
- recall of English bible, limitations on lay communion and restoration of abbey lands, removal of taxes on sheep/woollen cloth
- articles of western rebels 1549 - included mass in Latin, communion limited to bread, bringing back images in church, old services in Latin
9
Q
What event caused ketts rebellion
A
- may 1548 - foreshadowed in Hertfordshire where landlord cavendish triggered riot -> property attacked, fence pulled down
- may 1549 - attacks on enclosures in Somerset and Wiltshire
- July 1 - pulled down fences, demanded end to enclosures, gathers in camps to assemble petition to lord protector
- July 7 - movement spread midlands , Suffolk, east Anglia
- July 8 - Somerset appoints new enclosure commission under hales -> trouble breaks out in wymondham (Norfolk), led to ketts rebellion in Norwich
10
Q
What were events of ketts rebellion
A
- quarrel between residents of wymondham and flowerdew (lawyer adn escheator) - flowerdew enclosed areas of woodland pasture, claimed ownership of land belonging to dissolved abbey
- 6-8 July - pulled down flowerdews fences, directs protest at kett
- kett sympathised with protestors - supported by yeoman/farmers organised march on Norwich
- 12 July - set up camp of 16000 men and kett drew up list of grievances (Norfolk articles) -> sent them as petition to Somerset
- little sign of violence and direct threat to govt
- kett made agreements with mayor and alderman to provide food for insurgents
- 21 july - pardon offered to rebels if they dispersed, Norfolk rebels refused -> city authorities prepared defence, rebels attacked
- 22nd july - Norwich controlled by insurgents, leading aldermen imprisoned in Surrey place
- Somerset ordered force under William parr to cut off rebels supplies and negotiate surrender - William didnt act decisively/negotiate -> rebels attacked again, retook city and forced William out (second in command lord Sheffield was killed)
- stronger force under john Dudleys command - pardon offered for all except kett, kett agreed to negotiate but was held back by his men
- 26 august - arrival of more mercenaries led to kett defeat at dussindale -> 3000 rebels killed, arrested for treason 26 November and hanged
11
Q
Was ketts rebellion considered a threat
A
- send big army to bring it down
- doesn’t impact Edward - affects Somerset (shows lack of power)
- big rebellion/embarrassment
- not trying to topple king - no elite noble support
12
Q
How did Somerset fall from power
A
- anti-enclosure sympathies - seemingly encouraged rebellions, responded slowly, Northumberland seen as hero
- ruled through proclamations
- attempted to create new council - opposed by earls of arundell, Southampton and Warwick
- kidnapping king - takes Edward to Windsor castle, complained of cold/accused him of keeping him prisoner -> Somerset hadn’t been careful enough to keep good opinion of king
- didnt give Edward pocket money - Thomas Seymour tried to undermine edwards relationship by giving him pocket money
- Edward abandons Somerset - said Somerset threatened that there would be riots if king deprives him of position
- October 1549 - Somerset sent to tower, later released and restored to court -> council reformed under leadership of earl of Warwick (William parr - make Duke of Northumberland 1551)
- January 1552 - Somerset executed on trumped up charges brought up by Northumberland
13
Q
What did the ketts rebellion rebels want
A
- economic changes - disruption of trade/collapse of local textile industry, large scale unemployment, less craftsmen and more foreigners/beggars
- perceived threat to communities and social relationships
14
Q
What was in the Norfolk articles
A
- 29 articles
- 3 articles focus on quality of clergy
- 21 focused on economic rights and social justice -> reduce land prices, landlords shouldn’t graze stock on tenants land, terms of land rent, enclosures
15
Q
What catholic changes did Edward make
A
- January-march 1548 - series of proclamations issued to dampen Protestant unrest, assert transubstantiation was still in force
16
Q
What Protestant changes did Edward make
A
- July 1547 - book of homilies and paraphrases -> book model sermons/summaries of New Testament
- July 1547 - royal injunctions -> orders to preach in English, English bible/literature, superstitious images removed
- November-December 1547 - chantries act -> condemning prayers for the dead
- November-December 1547 - act of 6 articles repealed
- February 1548 - all image removed from churches
- December 1548 - first prayer book -> written by Cranmer outlining liturgy
- January 1549 - act of uniformity -> book of common prayer made official liturgy
- November 1549 - parliament removed all laws against clerical marriage
- December 1549 - proclamation issued which ordered destruction of remainder of images
- November 1550 - removal of stone altars and replacement of wooden ones
- January 1552 - new treason act -> offence to question royal supremacy or any articles of faith in church
- January 1552 - second book of common prayer -> very Protestant document (made by Cranmer) which removes all traces of Catholicism
- April 1552 - second act of uniformity -> enforced second book of common prayer, offence to not attend Church of England services
17
Q
What was devise for succession
A
- Edward painted as sickly child (measles/smallpox at 14) - 1553 tuberculosis
- heir according to Henry will would be Mary - Protestantism progress would be union, renounce royal supremacy -> didnt want her to be queen
- January 1553 - devise drafted, succession acts 1534/36 made Mary/Elizabeth illegitimate -> passed throne to Suffolk branch, lady Jane greys male heirs
- may 1553 - lady Jane grey married Northumberland’s oldest son -> summer 1553 Edward more sick so changed devise to lady Jane grey or her heirs so she could be queen
- concern to lawyers - not legal for Edward (a minor) to overthrow succession laid down by previous king
18
Q
What was Northumberland’s conspirator and Mary’s rise to throne
A
- Northumberland kept edwards death secret for 2 days to sort out succession -> bullied members of council and mayor of London into agreeing to make lady Jane grey queen
- Mary crowned herself and gathered troops - Northumberland and Suffolk go with 2000 troops to challenge her -> troops abandoned him, his absence in council made them change sides
- 20 July - Mary acknowledged as queen, arrived in London 3rd august -> Northumberland arrested and executed
- lady Jane grey arrested and imprisoned in tower - recognised she wasn’t a conspirator, executed with husband February 1554 after wyatts rebellion
- 1553 act to declare queen legitimate
- 1554 act concerning regal power where rights of female monarchs were asserted
