DEVELOPMENT OF COLD WAR Flashcards

Question

What was process of Yugoslavia leaving satellite states

Answer 1

- 1949 - Yugoslavia begins to split from USSR - Stalin critical of Yugoslavias attempt to play independent role in Baltic States - Tito proposes Balkan Federation (Greece, Bulgaria and Romania) - Yugoslav Communist Party would be most powerful in Baltic States - USSR couldn’t manipulate them - February 1948 - Bulgaria and Yugoslavia Communist parties summoned to Moscow -> Stalin proposed Bulgaria Yugoslav union which Tito rejects -> way for USSR to take control of Yugoslavia - Yugoslavia first communist state to defy Stalin

Answer 2

- Tito purged the pro-Cominform suspects - assassination attempts against Tito fail - Trade embargo with Yugoslavia - Military pressure at border - abandoned Greek Communist rebels - received financial/military assistance from USA/UK -> closer relations between CIA and Yugoslav secret service - Balkan Mutual Defence Pact against the USSR and its allies - Tito moved to different form of communism - more pure Marxism compared to Stalins form

Answer 3

- Divided into zones of occupation - long term agreements halted due to failure of finding common ground - USSR used their zone as a source of economic resources whilst USA pumped Marshall aid and armed the western zone - Khrushchev decides that Austrian neutrality is better than permanent division - Treaty - USA and ussr withdraw armed forces from Austria

Answer 4

- Finnish-Soviet peace treaty 1947 - terms of armistice signed in 1944 were confirmed -> Finland pays $300 million to ussr and lose land along Soviet border, ussr given 50 year lease to porkkala region - Khrushchev ready to withdraw from porkkala in 1955 - more of a burden than asset

Answer 5

- 1951-53 - 1951- first Five Year Plan implemented -> German democratic republics (east Germany) iron, steel and chemical output doubled - 1952 - planned construction of socialism -> collectivisation/industrialisation sped up by force - July 1952 - workers' individual targets raised by 10% -> sharp increases in price of food/public transport also increased - 1953 - non-communist leaders imprisoned, church warned of catastrophe so professionals left Germany through Berlin's open frontier

Answer 6

- Embarrassing for new leadership in Soviet Union - If soldiers forced to intervene, this would threaten détente - increased tensions/threat of nuclear war - Beria (head of Soviet Secret Police) called KGB and began to assess whether the GDR was worth retaining within Eastern Bloc - Beria and malenkov wanted to propose to USA, Britain and France that Germany be reunified but reparations still paid to USSR

Answer 7

- 16 June 1953 - workers strike/riots across East Germany -> they demanded increased pay, more freedoms, reestablishment of the German Social Democratic Party - 17 June 1953 - crowds outside prisons, state and party offices, called for resignation of govt, in East Berlin 100,000 demonstrated on streets -> soviet tanks move into east Berlin, 125 protestors killed throughout summer

Answer 8

- doesnt interfere - helped Adenauer get re-elected (west German chancellor) -> reunification without democratic elections, east Germany people getting attacked/beaten, encourages people to vote do that there shouldn’t be reunification without free elections in east Germany - calls foreign ministers conference on future of Germany (25th Jan to 18th Feb 1954)

Answer 9

- Beria had been executed in December (blamed for uprising) - accused o f being uk spy, traitor - ussr ministers feared free elections would lead to anti communist vote - Germany remained not unified - august 1954 - France blocked European defence community (aimed to ensure there were available soldiers for frg) - calling idea of Germany reunification into question

Answer 10

- still deciding on reunification of Germany - west is richer than east, still no reunification until free elections - more people in east Berlin opposing communism - nato and Warsaw pact created

Answer 11

- Stalins death - Eisenhowers speech - prospect of peace - Foreign ministers conference - Beria suggests Germany be reunified - more relaxed with capitalism and west, east Germany not worth keeping/fighting for - Ceasefire of Korean War - agree on 38th parallel - New course and new look (USA - Eisenhower) - Khrushchev’s speech - destalinisaion, hints at relaxation of Moscows control (not necessarily true but attempt to solidify power), peaceful coexistence (capitalism will be its own downfall - so don’t need to fight) - Hungary 1956 - usa didnt help (risk of nuclear war), ussr asserts dominance (satellite states under control until 1968 - Poland 1956 - concessions, gomulka essentially won (popular communist leadership)

Answer 12

- Destroyed cult of Stalin starting with secret speech 25 February 1956 - Stalin’s statues and portraits were removed from public places - secret police given less power - Abolition of the death penalty - Laws of censorship relaxed - more freedom in media/arts - Increased freedom given to writers/artists - No elimination of rivals - just given unimportant jobs instead -> indication of less brutal control of the party       - Stalingrad renamed to Volgograd -> erased Stalin from history, taking his body from Red Square where it was buried (buried in grave alongside walls of Kremlin with other Soviet leaders) - Thousands of political prisoners released from Gulags which were closed -> improved Khrushchev’s image by portraying him as good (Stalin as bad), disassociating himself from Stalin’s crimes despite being responsible for thousands of deaths himself - basic elements of the Soviet system remained intact - decisions are small/easily done to give hope to USA/opposition but doesn’t make any real changes

Answer 13

Hopeful - Khrushchev said he wanted peaceful coexistence - had sense of humour - always laughing and smiling - 1956 - said Stalin was a murderer, began to destalinise Russia, political prisoners freed and Beria executed - 1955 - krushchev told Tito that there are different roads to communism -> western leaders saw this as end to iron curtain - often met western leaders at summit meetings Disappointing - destalinisation didnt mean change to capitalism or freedom from Russia - he wasn’t gentle/easy going - Stalin used him to run terror purges after ww2 - he loved to argue - caused tension between leaders - gave countries like Burma and Afghanistan economic aid if they supported Russia - when communist countries went too far in reforms Khrushchev sent in army - eg Hungary 1956

Answer 14

- July 1953 end of Korean War - new soviet leadership moved rapidly to bring fighting in Korea to end -> concerned about economic impact of prolonging war - cuts in red army from mid 1950s - reduced from 5.8 million 3.7 million men, convinced that nebular weapons afforded ussr greater protection than military - Austrian state treaty 1955 - ussr extracted economic resources from Austrian zone -> paved way for Geneva summit 1955 and first occasion since 1945 that soviet troops had willingly left any part of Europe - soviet withdrawal from Finland 1956 - formally ended conflict between Russia and Finland, Khrushchev wanted more constructive relationship - settled border disputes with turkey and Iran - re established diplomatic relations with Greece - formally recognised Israel - later recognised west Germany - restored relations with Tito and Yugoslavia