DEVELOPMENT OF COLD WAR Flashcards
Features of iron curtain speech
- establishes communism as common enemy -> division between communism and capitalism (iron curtain)
- alleviating fear of another war
- draws line between east and west - calling on harshness to ussr, shouldn’t be given atomic bomb secrets
- fear/lack of support fir ussr - threatens peace in Europe
- yet still has sympathy for ussr and expresses gratitude
How did the ussr takeover Poland and how far is control established?
Takeover methods
- march 1945 - representatives of London poles arrested tortured and confessed to working with Germany in show trials
- polish communist leader ensured peasant party was intimidated (arrests and executions)
- January 1947 - rigged elections, communist led bloc gets 80% vote
Control
- Stalin gains control in country where communism isnt popular (fear, intimidation and infiltration of left wing parties)
- repeated this over Eastern Europe
How did the ussr takeover Romania and how far is control established?
Takeover methods
- November 1946 elections - increased popularity of communist led coalition by making decision to redistribute land to peasantry
- ballot rigging and intimidation of other parties led to winning of communist party
- Red army arrests opposition members and imprisons them
- king abdicates and country becomes one party state
Control
- by 1952 control is firm
How did the ussr takeover Bulgaria and how far is control established?
Takeover methods
- October 1944 - invaded by Red army
- 1945 - rigged elections
- 1946 - monarchy abolished
- 1947 - petkov executed, leaders of opposition parties
Control
- tight control - order directly from ussr
How did the ussr takeover Hungary and how far is control established?
Takeover methods
- 1944 - Churchill and Stalin decided 50/50 split in percentages agreement
- 1945 - coalition govt established with communist minority (in charge of trade and agriculture) - Stalin more cautious
- gain popularity with land redistribution
- November 1945 - communists win 17% parliamentary seats in free elections
- communist leader Nagy is head of police - intimidates non communists/leaders of opposition parties
- august 1947 - rigged elections
Control
- complete control by 1948
List key points about Novikov (ussr) telegram and its impact on international relations
Key points
- usa foreign policy has changed - expected to join war last minuted for minimal effort
- europe leaves war with terrible economy -> USA capitalises from this exporting to countries
- ussr stronger than pre war period -> independent foreign policy and economic aid to neighbouring countries
- USA military growing - many bases abroad and enormous budget
- usa views uk as greatest competitor but uk views as allies (conflicting relationship)
- discuss a third war - against ussr, atomic bomb
Impact on international relations
- decrease in trust, causing suspicion
- believe usa want world supremacy - power hungry
- paranoia over atomic bomb - unfounded fear of usa
List key points about long (usa) telegram and its impact on international relations
Key points
- warning Truman of ussr intentions - destabilising capitalism/west
- soviet sphere no longer has individual rights
- Stalin attacks ideas of coexistence of usa and ussr
- communist propaganda machines in motion
Impact on international relations
- encourages Truman to take harsher approach on ussr to contain communism
Explain Truman’s part in the war on words 1946
Key points
- USA receives request from Greece for financial aid against communism
- $400 million to Greece and turkey
- uk fails to provide aid - weakening country
- early fear of domino effect
Impact on international relations
- uk becomign weaker - shift in global power
- system of superpowers emerging
- Truman calls Greek communists terrorists
Explain Stalins part in the war on words 1946
Key points
- iron curtain speech - deliberate provocation
- usa aiming for world domination
- exaggeration of control ussr has
- compared to Churchill to hitler
- English speaking countries saw themselves as superior
Impact on international relations
- war of words - direct attacks, more countries involved
What was the Truman doctrine 1947
- 12 march 1947 - Truman promises to support countries resisting communism
- send military and financial aid (first done with Greece) -> Greek civil war communism v monarchy
- poverty seen as breeding ground for communism
- policy of containment
What was Marshall plan/aid 1947
- over $17 billion provided to Europe (1/4 goes to west Germany) -> protect against communism
- action intended in Truman doctrine
- countries that want financial aid will need to go to Paris conference to make case -> check where money is going (element of control)
What was Cominform 1947
- set up September 1947 to oppose Truman doctrine
- controlled by ussr to coordinate communist parties across Europe and disseminate anti usa propaganda
- members of Cominform banned from attending Paris talks (where they request aid)
What was Comecon 1949
- set up in 1949
- opposition to Marshall aid
- coordinate economies of communist countries - created one big economic zone
- limited aid offered but ensured that state owned economies were imposed on Eastern Europe
- money to repair themselves
list the consequences of the berlin blockade
- stalins threat to berlin and takeover of czechoslovakia meant 12 countries started nato in april 1949
- german federal republic joined nato in may 1955 - ussr forms an equivalent
east & west germany - 23rd may 1949 - trizonia becomes federal republic of germany
- october 1949 - german democrat republic formed
what was operation vittles
11 months food and supplies were flown into berlin
1 1/2 million tonnes were carried
when did the berlin blockade take place
june 1948
blocks road, rails and canals to stop entry and exit to east germany
causes of the berlin blockade
cold war so far
aims for germany and berlin
bizonia
aid
new currency
explain comecon
council for mutual economic assistance
25th january 1949
provided aid for communist countries - stalin version of marshall aid
5 year plans
8 members
Explain Cominform
communist information bureau set up 22nd september1947
communist parties of europe
stalin controlled and directed governments of the satellite states - spread propaganda
increases his control - shows off dominance to usa
Explain Marshall aid
june 1947 - george marshall (secretary of state) speech on how the aid would be provided
1948-52 - $12.7billion given
took until 1950s for the full effect to take place
eastern european countries did not benefit though
tempted tito (yugoslavia) to want marshall aid
what is the truman doctrine and what is its significance
12th march 1947 truman delivers speech
$400 million economic aid to greece and turkey (civil war)
america promising to help any country against communism
ends isolationism and introduces containment
communism fully established as the enemy
list the usa leaders in order with dates
roosevelt 1933-45
truman 1945-52
eisenhower 1953-60
kennedy 1961-63
johnson 1963-68
nixon 1969-74
ford 1974-78
carter 1977-80
reagan 1981-88
bush 1989-96
list the ussr leaders in order with dates
stalin 1929-53
krushchev 1953-64
brezhnev 1964-82
andropov 1982-84
chernenko 1984-85
gorbachev 1985-91
name third conference and give details
july-august 1945 - potsdam
truman attlee stalin
berlin split in 4, each country takes reparations from each zone
truman objected to soviet control over liberated nations, truman objected to borders of poland, lack of trust between truman and stalin
name the second conference and give details
yalta - february 1945
stalin roosevelt churchill
germany split in 4 zones, germany pay $20 billion reparations, UN set up in 25th april 1945
stalin wanted 16 soviet republics to be given individual membership, stalin expected polands electiosn to bring about communist government
name the first conference and details
tehran
november 1943
stalin roosevelt churchill
usa and britain would open a second front in europe, stalin declares war against japan
usa and britain tension (british colonialism threat to world peace), churchill wanted second front in the balkans
How and when did China become a communist nation?
1949 after civil war
Identify key provisions of Sino-Soviet Treaty (Treaty of Mutual Assistance)
- military and technical assistance - $300 million
- Manchuria restored to China by USSR
How what the Treaty of Mutual Assistance a fragile alliance?
USSR portrayed as superior communist - don’t want China to be as strong as them
USSR just giving, China just taking
