Marshall Aid Flashcards
How did Britain help Greece?
1944, Britain offered economic assistance to Greece, which wanted to overcome Royal government against Yugoslavia aided resistance. Fell £3 b into debt and Marshall Plan was established which committed £400m to Greece and £300m to Turkey. Won civil war in 1949.
When did Britain announce it could no longer help Greece?
21 Feb 1946, Britain announced it could no longer afford to assist Greece and on 27 Feb Dean Acheson linked this to the fall of Iran and France under Communism. Open-door policy had failed and economic assistance required.
When did Marshall replace Byrnes? When was the Truman Doctrine made?
21 January 1947, George C Marshall replaced Byrnes as Secretary of State after Byrnes concluded December treaties with Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. On 12 March 1947 Truman went to Congress requesting finance for Greece and Turkey and calling for containment of Communism, Truman Doctrine. Dean Acheson stressed domino effect.
What inspired the Marshall Plan?
In March Marshall was at a Foreign Ministers conference in Moscow learning of Stalin’s expansionist intentions. On his way back he met General Clay and saw shortages in supply in West Germany. On 28 April he put policy planning team to work at the State Department, Kennan suggested a program to unite US and European economies. 5 June 1947 Marshall Plan announced at Harvard University with rise of French and Italian communists.
How did the USSR withdraw from aid?
USSR received lend lease during WW2, and on 26 June Molotov joined Paris conference. On 30 June a cable from Andrei Vyshinsky reached Molotov showing US intentions to build West Germany and he marched out of the conference.
How was Czechoslovakia refused aid?
7 July, USSR refuses aid to Eastern European countries. Czechoslovakia had already shown interest. 9 July, Jan Masaryk and Gottwald called to Stalin who demanded they refuse aid as it would divide the world into two camps. On 11 July they cancelled aid.
When was the Paris Program set?
Paris Program approved for September committing to $17 b and agriculture/industry growth after French issued concern over West Germany and Greece requested economic assistance.
When was Cominform made? What tension was there in France?
Cominform established in September, meeting at Szlarska Poreba, Poland. Andrei Zhdanov, foreign minister, claimed the West Germany would rise. In France Communists encouraged strikes of coal, electricity, and the railways, with the Lille to Paris route derailed killing 20. French government had to strike on Communists to receive aid.
How did Czechoslovakia fall? When was Marshall Aid accepted?
In Czechoslovakia harvest yield was poor. USSR offered grain. 20 Feb 1948, rallies, with new government on 25 Feb. Led to Jan Masaryk falling from the Foreign Ministry roof two weeks later.
3 April 1948 Congress accepted $5.3 billion for Marshall Aid and set European Cooperation Administration to formalise requests and distribute aid.
What happened to Italy?
Italy April 1948 elections. Letter writing commenced as the PCP had 2 million supporters. 10 million letters sent and $2-3 million in blackbag payments to Christian Democrats for election campaigning. Truman said if Italy voted Communist they would not receive Marshall Aid. Pope Pius XII requested help from Gedda who set Civic Committees to inform Catholic population on the sins of Communism. Landslide victory for Christian Democrats on 18 April.
