END OF COLD WAR IN EUROPE Flashcards
When was Brezhnev Doctrine withdrawn?
6 July 1989 Gorbachev withdraws the Brezhnev Doctrine at the Council of Europe.
In 1989 how did Solidarity rise in Poland?
1988 Jaruzelski brings 200% price rises due to debt, leads to strikes. 7 April 1989 Round Table Agreements recognise Solidarity. June 1989 can compete for 35% of seats at Sejm Lower House and 65% in Sejm Upper House.
In Poland what were results of 1990 elections ? Who eventually became president?
4 June 1989 160/161 seats in Lower House won by Solidarity and 92/100 in Upper House. 18 Aug Solidarity forms majority coalition with 4 Communists. Jan 1990 Polish Communist Party dissolves and by Nov 1990 Lech Walesa President.
What happened to Hungary?
1987 most debt to West, May 1988 Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, MSZMP, replaces Janos Kadar with Karoly Grosz. Gorbachev welcomes development provided socialism dominant. March 1990 MSZMP becomes HSP but wins <11% in elections, returns with Free Democrats in 1994, 1996 HSP most popular in poll.
What happened to Bulgaria?
1989 Todor Zhivkov was in power 35 years, allowed 500% pay rises for favourites and officials could shop for subsidised goods, 200,000 ethnic Turks moved from Bulgaria. July 1989 Petar Mladenov, foreign minister, told Gorbachev Zhivkov would be ousted, 9 Nov 1989 done. June 1990 elections Bulgarian Communist Party becomes Bulgarian Socialist Party. Wins majority 1994, ousted 1996 due to economy crisis.
In the GDR how did East Germans seize initiative after Aug 1989?
Aug 1989 Hungary opens border with Austria and 150,000 GDR citizens seek embassy at Prague and Poland. Sept-Oct Leipzig demonstrations. On 4th Nov half a million turn up at East Berlin. Krenz considers granting 30 days a year of travel but Volkskammer Parliament found this too little. 9 November exit visas granted when 20,000 turned up demanding exit. Wall opened.
What was the Velvet Revolution?
1989 opposition limited to Charter 77 to keep Czechoslovakia in line with Helsinki. PM Ladislav Adamec criticised for offering only economic reform. Wall opened and people honoured death of student killed in German occupation. 19 Nov Civic Forum of 12 opposition groups set, 7 Dec Adamec resigns, 29 Dec Vaclav Havel president. Czechoslovakia splits in 1992.
What happened to Romania?
Nicolae Ceausescu was corrupt with a 1100 room palace. Nov 1989 Gorbachev allows ousting if RCP remains dominant. Demonstrations on 21 Dec 1989 reach Bucharest, Ceausescu executed on 25th. National Salvation Front enters power and in May 1990 wins majority with Ion Iliescu president.
What happened to Yugoslavia?
1980 Tito dies and Yugoslav Federation pushes for nationalism. 1989 inflation at 300%. Jan 1990 PM Ante Markovic removes Communist Party’s leading role and state elections called for independence with Slovenia first in April. 1991-2006 states become independent. Genocide in Bosnia where 100,000 were killed. Millions displaced.
How did Gorbachev come around to reunification of the GDR in 1990?
13 Nov Egon Krenz replaced by Hans Modrow as Prime Minister and agreement was made for elections in March 1990 in Poland’s example. Alliance for Germany coalition won most seats and on 12 April new government announced wishes to join FRG. US, USSR, Britain, France, and Kohl apprehensive, but East German public opinion showed reunification best option. Dec 1989 Gorbachev wants no harm to the GDR. By 10 April 1990 told Kohl in Moscow Germans should decide themselves.
How did the GDR and FRG reunify?
13 Nov 1989 Hans Modrow replaces Krenz in GDR and in March 1990 has elections where Alliance for Germany wins with wishes of reunification. Gorbachev then convinced by public opinion. Two-Plus Four talks over summer between Bonn, Paris, Berlin, and Moscow resolved by 12 Sept, Germany then reunified and Warsaw Pact dissolved July 1991.
