Detente and Ostpolitik Flashcards
Why were allies in a powerful position in 1960s?
Allies in powerful position as the Sino-Soviet split had occurred.
How did France begin to withdraw itself from NATO?
In 1963 France refused Britain’s entry into the European Economic Committee as it was too pro American. In 1966 General de Gaulle withdrew French forces from NATO and expelled headquarters from Paris while trying to get European states to liberate themselves from the bloc mentality.
How did US try to improve relationship with FRG when WIlly Brandt entered power?
In West Germany, Willy Brandt became foreign minister in December 1966, and chancellor in October 1969, a Social Democrat seeking Ostpolitik. Trade missions began with Yugoslavia and Romania. In 1967 the US Senate voted nearly 50% to withdraw military presence in Europe of US troops to rekindle a relationship with the FRG. President Johnson committed to negotiations with Moscow.
What was Brandt’s goal?
Willy Brandt pursued recognition of the GDR and future reunification of Germany through Ostpolitik. However, he also committed to gain the support of the USA and NATO allies through emphasizing that the FRG wouldn’t leave NATO or the European Community.
What was the 1970 Moscow Treaty?
Moscow Treaty 1970 – Signed on 12 August 1970 by Brandt and Brezhnev. Showed no territorial claims between FRG and USSR, alongside FRG recognising non-violability of Poland’s western frontier and the inner-German line. FRG committed to treaties with Poland, GDR, and Czechoslovakia, alongside abandoning Hallstein Doctrine despite not recognising GDR. Both Germanys would join UN. Letter on German unity sent to Brezhnev hoping for reunified Germany in future, and inviolable term suggested revision.
What were Warsaw and Prague Treaties?
Warsaw and Prague Treaties – Dec 1970 Warsaw Treaty confirmed no territorial demands over each other, recognised Oder Neisse line inviolable, trade and economic assistance offered, and ethnic Germans could emigrate to West Germany from Poland. June 1973 Prague Treaty revoked 1938 Munich Treaty.
What were the Four Power Negotiations?
Four-Power Negotiations over Berlin – March 1970 talks began between US, Britain, France, and USA, showing Ostpolitik wouldn’t weaken FRG’s links with the West. A settlement was wanted to confirm West Berlin’s links with the FRG and guarantee freedom of access to the West. Soviets, fearful of Nixon’s discussions with China, were responsive and the Four Power Treaty on Berlin was signed 3 Sept 1971 – unimpeded traffic between West Berlin and FRG, recognition of ties, and rights of West Berliners to visit East. Allies accepted Western sectors of Berlin not legally part of FRG.
What was the Basic Treaty?
Basic Treaty – In July 1972 Brezhnev warned Erich Honecker about the Social Democratisation which the FRG planned for the GDR with the Basic Treaty. The benefits for the GDR would be recognition of their existence. Agreements on transit traffic, rights of West Berliners to visit East Berlin, and postal communications concluded. In December 1972 the Basic Treaty had the FRG recognise the GDR as equal and accepted representation of both sides at the UN. The FRG sent a Letter Concerning German Unity where it determined to work for reunification. In 1973 both countries joined the UN.
Outline Helsinki.
Discussion began in July 1973. The USSR wanted recognition of the division of Europe made at Yalta while stepping up cooperation. The US would consent to holding the conference if Berlin was discussed and SALT negotiations continued. The US could gain Soviet concessions regarding human rights. On 1 August 1975 Helsinki was signed by 33 European states, Canada, and the US.
What baskets were there at Helsinki?
Baskets: 1. Dealt with ‘questions relating to security in Europe,’ with agreements for peaceful dispute settlement, non-interference in internal affairs of other states, and inviolable frontiers, Henry Kissinger, US secretary of State, pushed to allow potential revision in future of frontiers, 2. Dealt with cooperation in economics, science, technology, and the environment, 3. Cooperation in humanitarian fields with trade, tourism, and culture expanded and families reunited from the Iron curtain division.
What were results of Helsinki?
Results: Appeared to benefit USSR as its frontiers were recognised, with Reagan claiming it was the ‘new Yalta,’ but allowed Western interference in human rights. Jimmy Carter made human rights in Eastern Europe a priority of his foreign policy and in February 1977, much to Brezhnev’s annoyance, he championed rights of Andrei Sakharov.
What was Hamel’s report?
In 1967 Belgian Foreign Minister Pierre Hamel drew up a report committing NATO to defence of Western Europe and reaching détente with Warsaw Pact states. It redefined NATO’s role.
What were the Test Ban and Non-Proliferation Treaties?
1963 Test Ban Treaty – signed by Britain, USSR, and USA, banned nuclear tests in atmosphere, space or underwater. France and China refused.
July 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty – Signed by Britain, USA, and USSR, not to transfer nuclear weapons to other countries or assist in manufacturing them. November 1969 joined by West Germany. Both this and Test Ban Treaty only confirmed division.
What was the result of Vietnam?
1968, the US’s actions in Vietnam led to anti-Americanism. The US was seen as ruthless and Europe rejected Johnson’s justifications of global confrontation, intending to heal divides instead.
What was SALT I?
May 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT I. Part 1: five year freeze on construction on missile launchers. Nixon accepted USSR have more missiles as USA had more MIRVs which could hit multiple targets. Second part only allowed two ballistic missile screens, one in Moscow and Washington, and one at main missile site. Countries defenceless against attack to ensure MAD.
