Manganese

Question 1

<p>Manganese</p>

Answer 1

<p>• Manganese (Mn) is both a constituent and activator of enzymes involved in both metabolic and antioxidant functions.<br></br>• Intestinal absorption is low at 1%-5%. It is stored mostly in bone (>40%) and very metabolically active organs; e.g. liver, kidneys, pancreas and brain.</p>

Question 2

<p>Manganese Food Sources</p>

Answer 2

<p>Grains: <strong>wheat germ</strong> , rye (6mg), oats, amaranth <strong>20mg</strong><br></br>Nuts & seeds: <strong>hazelnuts</strong> , pine nuts, walnuts <strong>6.2mg</strong><br></br>Spices: <strong>cloves</strong> , saffron, ginger, black pepper <strong>30mg</strong><br></br>Shellfish: <strong>blue mussels</strong> , other shellfish (≤1mg) <strong>6.8mg</strong></p>

Question 3

<p>Manganese Roles</p>

Answer 3

<p>Metabolism</p>

<p>Structural</p>

<p>Antioxidant</p>

Question 4

<p>Manganese: Metabolism - Functions</p>

Answer 4

<p>• Mn activated enzymes facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and cholesterol</p>

Question 5

<p>Manganese: Metabolism - Therapeutic Uses</p>

Answer 5

<p>• Blood sugar regulation<br></br>• Supporting the Urea cycle</p>

Question 6

<p>Manganese: Structural - Functions</p>

Answer 6

<p>• A cofactor needed for synthesis of proteoglycans (e.g. in cartillage)<br></br>• Activates enzyme needed for collagen formation.</p>

Question 7

<p>Manganese: Structural - Therapeutic Uses</p>

Answer 7

<p>• Healthy cartilage and bone matrix<br></br>• Osteoarthritis<br></br>• Wound healing</p>

Question 8

<p>Manganese: Antioxidant - Functions</p>

Answer 8

<p>• Cofactor for the antioxidant ‘Mn Superoxide dismutase’ MnSOD<br></br>• Catalyses superoxide radicals</p>

Question 9

<p>Manganese: Antioxidant - Therapeutic Uses</p>

Answer 9

<p>• Mitochondrial protection from oxidative stress</p>

Question 10

<p>Manganese Deficiency</p>

Answer 10

<p>• Not observed in humans on a whole foods diet but ‘insufficiency’ can lead to loss of hair colour, skin rashes, tendon and bone abnormalities.</p>

Question 11

<p>Manganese Toxicity</p>

Answer 11

<p>• Not documented from dietary sources but observed in workers exposed to high manganese dust in air (welders and smelters).</p>

Question 12

<p>Manganese Interactions</p>

Answer 12

<p>• High intakes of Fe, Ca, Mg may impair intestinal absorption of Mn but this is mostly associated with supplements.<br></br>• If Fe intake is low, iron deficiency may result from manganese supplementation (Mn competes with Fe for absorption).</p>