Management Process: Planning Flashcards
4 Planning Modes
1) Reactive
2) Intactivism
3) Preactivism
4) Interactive or Proactive
_____ occurs after a problem exists.
Reactive
_____ seeks the status quo.
Inactivism
_____ utilize technology to accelerate change and are future-oriented.
Preactivism
_____ attempt to plan the future of their organization rather than react to it
Interactive or Proactive
_____ involves trying to estimate how a condition will be in the future.
Forecasting
_____ examines an organization’s purpose, mission, philosophy, and goals in the context of its external environment.
Strategic Planning
Complex organizational plans that involve a long period (usually 3 to 10 years) are referred to as _____.
Long-range or strategic plans
_____, also known as _____, was developed by Albert Humphrey at Stanford University
in the 1960s and 1970s.
SWOT Analysis, TOWS Analysis
SWOT Analysis, also known as TOWS Analysis, was developed by _____.
Albert Humphrey
SWOT stands for?
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
_____ are those internal attributes that help an organization to achieve its objectives.
Strengths
_____ are those internal attributes that challenge an organization in achieving its objectives.
Weaknesses
_____ are external conditions that promote the achievement of organizational objectives.
Opportunities
______ are external conditions that challenge or threaten the achievement of organizational objectives.
Threats
The Planning Hierarchy
1) Vision
2) Mission
The _____ statement is a brief statement identifying the reason that an organization exists.
Mission
_____ statements are used to describe future goals or aims of an organization.
Vision
_____ and _____ are the ends toward which the organization is working.
Goals and Objectives
_____ are similar to goals in that they motivate people to a specific end and are explicit, measurable, observable or retrievable, and obtainable.
Objectives
_____ are plans reduced to statements or instructions that direct organizations in their decision-making.
Policies
_____ policies, neither written nor expressed verbally, have usually developed over time and follow a precedent.
Implied
_____ policies are delineated verbally or in writing. May include a formal dress code, policy for sick leave or vacation time, and disciplinary procedures.
Expressed
_____ are plans that establish customary or acceptable ways of accomplishing a specific task and delineate a sequence of steps of required action.
Procedures
_____ identify the process or steps needed to implement a policy and are generally found in manuals at the unit level of the organization.
Procedures
_____ and _____ are plans that define specific action or non-action.
Rules and Regulations
_____ should be enforced to keep morale from breaking down and to allow organizational structure
Rules
_____ identified three phases through which the change agent must proceed before a planned change becomes part of the system
Kurt Lewin (1951), Change Theory
_____ occurs when the change agent convinces members of the group to change or when guilt, anxiety, or concern can be elicited.
Unfreezing
_____ the change agent identifies, plans, and implements appropriate strategies, ensuring that driving forces exceed restraining forces.
Movement
_____ phase, the change agent assists in stabilizing the system change so that it becomes integrated into the status quo.
Refreezing
Unfreezing
Gather data.
Accurately diagnose the problem.
Decide if change is needed.
Make others aware of the need for change; do not proceed until the status quo has been disrupted and the need for change is perceived by the others.
Movement
- Develop a plan.
- Set goals and objectives.
- Identify areas of support and resistance.
- Include everyone who will be affected by the change in its planning.
- Set target dates.
- Develop appropriate strategies.
- Implement the change.
- Be available to support others and offer encouragement through the change.
- Use strategies for overcoming resistance to change.
- Evaluate the change.
- Modify the change, if necessary.
Refreezing
Support others so that the change continues.
_____ discovered that even tiny changes in variables often dramatically affected outcomes.
Edward Lorenz (1960s), Chaos Theory
Even small changes in conditions can drastically alter a system’s long-term behavior (butterfly effect).
Chaos Theory
_____ is a financial plan that includes estimated expenses as well as income for a period of time.
Budget
Types of budget
1) Workforce or personnel budget
2) Operating budget
3) Capital budget
