management Flashcards
what is meant by management
The process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
what are functions of management
- communicating
- controlling
- co-ordinating
- decision making
- evaluating progress
- leading
- motivating
- planning
what are constraints on management
- skills of the leader’s ability to lead and or motivate
- ability to make decisions
- strength of the leader and therefore ability to delegate
- other departments/ managers within the organisation
- structure of the organisation, whether centralised or decentralised
- nature of the market in which the business operates
- state of the economy (level of inflation/ unemployment/ growth balance of payments/ strength of the pound)
- objectives of the business
- level of unionisation
- amount of competition within the market
- budget of the business and subsequently the department in which the manager/ leader operates
what is meant by leadership
the action of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do this.
leadership theory- Carlyle and Galton
Their ‘trait theory’ concentrates on the traits exhibited by successful leaders or, the characteristics required of a leader.
The original thoughts suggested that the characteristics required of a good leader were attributes that such leaders had; they were not learnt.
Once these ideas were looked at in the 1980s, key characteristics of an effective leader were highlighted:
- motivational: the ability to motivate others
- integrity: showing a ethical approach
- self-confidence: being assured
- creative: new ideas
- intelligent: able to reason, and solve problems.
leadership theory-
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
the theory of how managers view employees.
A Theory X views employees as:
- lazy - disliking work and responsibility
- lacking the will to work unsupervised
- lacking initiative
- largely motivated by money
leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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leadership theory
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behavioural theory- Blake and Moulton’s managerial grid
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contingency theory- Lewin’s
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contingency theory-
Tannenbaum
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contingency theory-
Schmidt’s behavioural continuum
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functional theory-
Adair’s three circles
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what is a autocratic leader
typical characteristics of an autocratic manager:
- sets the work and expects it to be performed precisely as directed
- does not involve employees in decision making
- very strict
- doesn’t believe in employee autonomy
- believes in top down communication and doesn’t encourage employee participation
- believes in close supervision
- thinks employees are solely motivated by money
what is a democratic leader
a typical democratic manager:
- encourages employee input into decision making
- believes in employee autonomy
- encourages two-way communication
- allows employees to use their initiative
what is a laissez-faire leader
typical characteristics of laissez-faire managers:
- is remote for employees
- provides very little direction for employees
- adopts a ‘let them get on with it’ approach
- often requires employees to set their own tasks and objectives
what is a paternalistic leader
typical characteristics of a paternalistic manager includes:
- wanting the workforce to feel involved in decision making
- consulting employees
- persuading employees to accept his or her view, regardless of the employee’s own views.
what is the impact and importance of leadership for a business and its stakeholders
- employee motivation
- leads to stakeholders dividends
what is meant by motivation
a strong desire to act in a particular way and to achieve a certain result.
McClelland
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Herzberg
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Maslow
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Vroom
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Locke
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Drucker’s
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Peter’s
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what are monetary methods of motivation
- pay rises
- bonuses
- piece rate
- shares
what are non-monetary methods of motivation
- praise
- staff parties
- job enlargement
- job enrichment
- job rotation
- teamwork (opportunities)
what is the usefulness of motivation practices for a business and its stakeholders
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what is meant by employer/ employee relations
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what are the benefits of good employer/ employee relations for a business and its stakeholders
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what are the costs of poor employee relations for a business and its stakeholders.
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minimum wage
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health and safety
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equality
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data protection
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dismissal
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grievance
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what is meant by employee participation
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employee participation- industrial democracy
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employee participation- participative decision making
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employee participation- works councils
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what is the impact and importance of employee participation to a business and its stakeholders
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what is meant by a trade union
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what is the role of a trade union
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what are the advantages of a trade union membership for a business and its stakeholders
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what are the disadvantages of a trade union membership for a business and its stakeholders
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what are the social influences on human resources
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what are the legal influences on human resources
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what are the ethical influences on human resources
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what are the environmental and economic influences on human resources
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what are the political influences on human resources
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what are the technological and international influences on human resources
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what is the impact and importance of a human resources strategy for a business and its stakeholders
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