mammary gland

Question 1

mamma

Answer 1

branching duct system of glandular wi
forms alveoli and secretory ductules
includes surrounding myoepi

Question 2

gland composed of

Answer 2

tubulo-alvelar g;and
glandular elements
ductal elements
subcutaneous CT stroma
all lie in bed of adipose tissue

Question 3

nipple and areola

Answer 3

sratified squamous epi, keratinized
no hair follicles, tall dermal papillae
numerous melanocytes (increase w/prego)
underlying dense irregular CT- abundant elastic fibers attach primarily to nipple
numerous meissner and pacinian corpuscles

Question 4

nipple

Answer 4

highly branched tubular alveolar duct system

10-25 excretory ducts terminate at nipple

Question 5

duct of nipple

Answer 5

oringinates at secretory alveoli
drains an individual lobe
near nipple expands forming lactiferous sinus
distal ductal cells can be secretory

Question 6

duct epi

Answer 6

cuboidal to columnar
may be stratified buboidal in lactriferous duct
myoepi
cells bound together by tight and gap jnxs and desmosomes

Question 7

lactiferous alveli

Answer 7

fnx unit of mammary gland is lobule which is cluster of alveoli surrounding alveolar ductule
simple columnar epi
roughr ER, golgi, secretion granules
surrounded by myoepi

Question 8

stroma

Answer 8

varies from dense irregular to loose irregular

interlobular and intralobular

Question 9

interlobular

Answer 9

dense
separates lobes and lobules
provides structural support

Question 10

intralobular

Answer 10

loose
surrounds and separates alveoli
allows expansion during lactation

Question 11

adipose

Answer 11

source of lipids for milk production

becomes progressively depleted during lactation

Question 12

areola and nipple innervation

Answer 12

richly innervated with sensory neuorns

Question 13

myoepithelial innervation

Answer 13

not innervated

activated by endocrine hormones, primarily oxytocin

Question 14

mammogenesis

Answer 14

initial appearance at 6th wk gestation
formation of mammary ridges from ectoderm
development under influence prenatal E

Question 15

pre-pubescent gland

Answer 15

nipple
areola
primitive duct system

Question 16

at puberty

Answer 16

further growth and branching of ductal system due to E
alveoli develop due to P
adipose deposits increase and CT proliferates

Question 17

luteal phase of mentrual cycle

Answer 17

further development of ducts and alveoli occurs due to increased E and P

Question 18

invasive breast cancer

Answer 18

primarily ductal
highly mitogenic
hormonally responsive
primarily E

Question 19

CYP19 aromatase inhibitor

Answer 19

inhibits peripheral conversion of androgen to E

postmenopausal

Question 20

selective E receptor modulator

Answer 20

SERM

premenopausal

Question 21

E

Answer 21

fetoplacental production
mammogenic
continue to rise thru pregnancy

Question 22

PRL

Answer 22

secreted by anterior pit during pregnancy
mammogenic, lactogenic
increases 10-20x from 5thwk-parturition
E stimulates production and inhibits action

Question 23

hCP

Answer 23

aka hPL
structurally similar to PRL and GH
produced by placenta
lactogenic

Question 24

end of pregnancy

Answer 24

breast are fully developed, but milk production is suppressed due to E and P

Question 25

oxytocin

Answer 25

produced during parturition
stimulates uterine contractions
promotes contraction of myoepi for milk ejection
increased ocytocin synthesis and release due to suckling, anticipation of nursing, audiovisual stimuli

Question 26

stages of lactation

Answer 26

milk synthesis
lactogenesis
galactopoiesis
milk ejection

Question 27

milk synthesis

Answer 27

initiated by PRL and hPL in later pregnancy

Question 28

lactogenesis

Answer 28

milk synthesis by alveolar cells and scretion into alveolar lumen
initiated after birth by loss of placental sterioids

Question 29

galactogeneiss

Answer 29

maintenance of established lactation

mainly controlled by PRL which is increased by infant suckling

Question 30

milk ejection

Answer 30

passage of milk to duct system
collection in ampulla and larger ducts, delivery to infant
controlled by oxytocin

Question 31

initiated of lactation

Answer 31

need
high prolactin (mammogenic, lactogenic, galactopoietic)
low E and P
high oxytcin (glactokinetic)
sucking to inhibit hypothalmic DA release

Question 32

inhibition of oxytocin secretion

Answer 32

frustration
anger
anxiety

Question 33

suckling stimulus

Answer 33

activates afferent neural pathway
breast -> spinal cord -> hypothalamus ->
1. inhibit DA release -> increased PRL
2. increase oxytocin release -> contract myoepi
3. inhibit GnRH -> decrease LH and FSH

Question 34

colostrum

Answer 34

thin, yellowish milk-like substance secreted first few days

lots of immuonoglobulins

Question 35

human milk

Answer 35

emulsion of fats in an aqueous solution containing lactose, proteins, K, Ca, Na, Cl, and phosphate

Question 36

immune components of milk

Answer 36

secretory IgA
WBCs (neutrophils and macrophages)
growth factors: EGF, NFG, IGF

Question 37

meisner corpuscles

Answer 37

discreet fine 2 point discrimination touch receptors

Question 38

pacinean corpuscles

Answer 38

pressure and vibratory

Question 39

mammogenic hormones

Answer 39

E
P
GH -> IGF1
Cortisol
PRL
relaxin?

Question 40

lactogenic hormones

Answer 40

PRL
hCS/hPL
cortisol
insulin/IGF-1
TH
GH?
absence of E and P

Question 41

galactokinetic hormones

Answer 41

oxytocin

vassopressin (much weaker then oxytocin)

Question 42

galactopoietic hormones

Answer 42

PRL

cortisol