developmental

Question 1

urinary and internal repro organs from

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

Y chrom

Answer 2

contains SRY gene codes for TDF

Question 3

testes indifferent stage

Answer 3

1. genital ridge form from intermediate mesoderm and overylying epi
2. epi (Cx) grows into underlying mesoderm to form primitive sex cords (medulla)
3. PGCs migrate to genital ridge wk 4-6, if they do not migrate gonads will not form

Question 4

medulla formation male

Answer 4

testes
primitive sex cords reamin solid until puberty when canalize forming the seminiferous tubles, tubuli recti, and rete testes
testes secrete T by wk 8

Question 5

Cx formation male

Answer 5

forms tunica albuginea

Question 6

descent of testes

Answer 6

controlled by T
gubernaculum thick lig that attaches to caudal pole of testes to ant body wall (future site of deep inguinal ring)
process vaginalis- evagination of peritoneum that passes thry abdominal wall lateral to site of attachement of gubernaculum
process vaginalis and gubernaculum pulled thru abdominal wall forming inguinal canal
proximal portion of process vaginalis closes, distal portion forms tunica vaginalis around testes

Question 7

genital ducts indifferent stage

Answer 7

2 duct systems from intermediate mesoderm
mesonephric (wolffian) -> induced to form male ducts and glands by T
paramesonephric (mullarian) -> inhibited by AMH produced from sertoli cells

Question 8

mesonephric tubules

Answer 8

become efferent ductules and appendix of epididymis

Question 9

mesonephric ducts

Answer 9

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

Question 10

urethra

Answer 10

gives rise to prostate and bulbourethral glands

Question 11

paramesonephric duct

Answer 11

regresses except for appendix of testes and prostatic utricle

Question 12

external genitalia

Answer 12

fully differentiated at 12th wk, under influence of T and DHT

Question 13

anal folds

Answer 13

anus

Question 14

genital tubercle

Answer 14

elongates to form glans penis

Question 15

urethral folds

Answer 15

shaft, root of penis and penile urethra
elongates w/genital tubercle
urethral groove is an open groove on ventral penis
later 2 folds fuse to form penile urethra
remaining portion of urethra is formed by ectodermal cells growing inward

Question 16

labioscrotal swellings

Answer 16

scrotum

scrotal septum forms where the 2 swellings fuse

Question 17

hypospadias

Answer 17

caused by incomplete fusion of urethral groove on ventral surface of penis
abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface of penis
T dependent process

Question 18

epispadias

Answer 18

urethral opening is on dorsum of penis
often occurs w/exstrophy of bladder
thought to be due to urethral plate developing more dorsally then normal
T independent

Question 19

cryptochidism

Answer 19

failure of testes to descend into scrotum
T dependent
undescended testes will be infertile

Question 20

absence of TDF

Answer 20

sex cords in medulla degenerate
second generation of cortical sex cords form from epi, these form follicular cells around oogonia
CX forms ovary, medulla regresses

Question 21

descent of ovaries

Answer 21

gubernaculum forms ovarian lig and round lig of uterus

process vaginalis very small, obliterates before birth

Question 22

mullarian duct

Answer 22

cranial end open into abdominal cavity

caudal end fuse and enter cloaca

Question 23

cranial end of mullarian duct

Answer 23

uterine tube

Question 24

caudal end of mullarian duct

Answer 24

uterus, cervis, superior vagina

Question 25

sinovaginal bulb

Answer 25

inferior vagina forms from cloaca, induced by mullarian ducts initially forms a solid tube called vaginal plate canalizes by 5th month hymen seperates UG sinus from vagina urethral endoderm will give rise to greater vestibular and skenes glands

Question 26

cloacal folds

Answer 26

mesenchymal swellings around cloacal membrane later divide into urethral and anal folds anteriorly the cloacal fold fuse to form genital tube

Question 27

labiosacral swellings

Answer 27

from on each side of cloacal membranes | becomes labia majora

Question 28

genital tubercle

Answer 28

elongates to become clitoris

Question 29

urethral fols

Answer 29

labia minora erectile tissue (blubs of vestibule and crus of clit) urethral groove remains unfused and will form vestibule

Question 30

uterus arcuatus

Answer 30

very sight lack of fusion of mullarian ducts

Question 31

double uterus w/double vagina

Answer 31

aka uterus didephs | complete lack of fusion of mullarian ducts and formation of 2 sinovaginal bulbs

Question 32

uterus bicornis

Answer 32

aka bicollis partial lack of fusion of mullarian ducts 1 vagina, 2 uterus

Question 33

uterus unicrnis

Answer 33

complete lack of agenesis of 1 mullarian duct

Question 34

uterus bicornis unicollis

Answer 34

caudel portion of 1 mullarian duct fails to form

Question 35

vaginal and cervical atresia

Answer 35

atresia of sinovaginal abulbs or from a failure of canalization

Question 36

remnants of wollfian ducts

Answer 36

epoophoron- tubules paroophron (tubules and duct) gartners duct- remnant of caudal duct all of the above can become cystic

Question 37

klinefelters

Answer 37

``` nondisjunction during meiosis 47XXY male infertile, low T, aspermatogenesis impaired sexual maturation gynecomastia ```

Question 38

turners syndrome

Answer 38

45, XO nondisjunction during meiosis gondal dysgenesis, streak gonads lack of secondary sex trait development at puberty short stature, broad chest, short neck, lymphedema of hand and feet

Question 39

swyer syndrome

Answer 39

46 XY point mutation of SRY gene -> defective TDF gonadal dysgenesis, streak gonads, can become cancerous therefore often removed female external and internal genitalia (no ovaries) amenorrhea lack secondary sex characteristics

Question 40

hermaphroditism

Answer 40

presence of male and female gonadal tissue (with in same or opposite gonad) ovotestes most have 46,xx likely translocation of SRY gene to X internal reproductive organs usually female masculinization of external genitalia

Question 41

male psudohermaprhoditism

Answer 41

46,XY testes from insufficient androgen production and AMH external and internal genitalia normally female

Question 42

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 42

``` 46, XY testes due to normal functioning Y chrom AMH and T production normal lack androgen receptors wolffian duct regresses mullarian duct regresses female external genitalia , including secondary sex traits vagina is short and blind ending ```