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repro > female histology > Flashcards

female histology Flashcards

1
Q

ovary stroma

A 
tunica albuginia
simple cuboidal empi
subtended by dense irregular CT
focally eroded at time of ovulation
loose in mudlla
compact and cellualr in Cx
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2
Q

follicular phase

A

14 days
only 1 ovary involved in single menstrural cycle
FSH stimulates cohort of follicles to mature -> produce E2, level peaking before ovulation
mid-cycle surge of LH (E2 mediated)

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3
Q

stages of follicular development

A

primordial -> primary follicle -> secondary preantral follicle -> secondary preantral follicle -> small antral follicle -> large recruitable antral follicle -> dominant follicle

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4
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte
4N
arrested in prophase of 1st mitotic division
squamous follicular cells joined by desmosomes and BM surround oocyte

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5
Q

unilaminar primary follicle

A

oocyte rapidly gros
follicular cells become cuboidal
zona pellucida begins to form, not visible

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6
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein coat seperates oocyte from follicular cells

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7
Q

multilaminar primary follicles

A

follicular cells pass small precursor molecules to nurture oocyte
zona pellucida continues to develop
theca interna begins to be visible
differentiates from stroma around follicle

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8
Q

secondary (antral) follcile

A 
antrum appears
granulosa cells continue to proliferate 
synthesize and secrete estrogens 
theca cells more developed
theca externa visible
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9
Q

theca interna cells

A

cuboidal
steroid producing cells
seperated from granulosa cells by BM
synthesize testosterone and androstenedione
these are converted to E by granulosa cells

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10
Q

graffian follicle

A

near ovulation antrum enlarges and distends capsule
antrum fills w/follicular fluid
zona pellucida- well developed
cumulus oophorus- hilock of cells supporting oocyte
corona radiata

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11
Q

plasma transudate of graffian follicle contains:

A
  • steroid hormones
  • steroid binding proteins (GAGs)
  • inhibin (from granulosa cells)
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12
Q

corona radiata

A

granulosa cells surround oocytes
retained w/oocyte at ovulation
must be penetrated by sperm
needed to transport ova in oviduct

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13
Q

granulosa cells of graffian follicle

A

develop LH receptors
begin to synthesize and secrete P immediately prior to ovulation
binding releases oocyte from prophase I enabling ovum to mature further

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14
Q

ovulation

A

primary oocyte completes 1st mitotic division

produces secondary oocyte and polar body

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15
Q

secondary oocyte

A

receives most of cytoplasm
23 chromosomes 2N
suspended into metaphase II until fertilization

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16
Q

neonatal ovary

A

PGCs proliferate at genital ridge
by 7th month of fetal life all oogonia arrested in prophase I of meiosis
placental hormones can mimic puberty hormones so fetal/neonate ovaries show maturity

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17
Q

corpus luteum

A 
follicle after ovulation
persistence depends on LH
granulosa cells hypertrophy
thecal cells secrete E and P
E feeds back to inhibit LH, steroid secretion declines-> mentration
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18
Q

corpus luteum if pregnant

A

maintained by hCG for 6 months, keeps producing E and P

later stages of pregnancy corpus luteum secretes polypeptide relaxin which increases pliability of pelvic CT

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19
Q

corpus albican

A

scar left after corpus luteum regresses

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20
Q

estrogen and puberty

A

stimulate growth of uterus and breasts

develop female somatic profile

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21
Q

estrogen and menstrual cycle

A

proliferation of endometrium
production of clear mucous by cervical glands
maturation of vaginal epi

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22
Q

estrogen and preganacy

A

growth of mammary gland duct system
myometrial hypertrophy
increase in uterine blood flow

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23
Q

estrogen cellular effects

A

cause production of P receptors

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24
Q

progesterone and puberty

A

minimal effect of breast growth

may affect maturation of secretory cells

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25
Q

progesterone and menstrual cycle

A

trophic effect of uterine glands

stimulates thick cervical mucous secretion

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26
Q

progesterone and preganancy

A

growth of mammary gland alveoli
impeded ovarian cycle by feedback to pituitary
produced by ovum
may serve as homing signal to sperm

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27
Q

oviducts

A

fertilization usually occurs here, specifically in ampulla
conveys oocyte to uterus
implantation, development and growth occur in uterus

28
Q

E and oviduct

A 
increase endosalphinx epi size
increase blood flow to lamina propria
increase oviduct specific glycoproteins
increase ciliogenesis
increase mucus and muscular tone of isthmus
29
Q

P and oviduct

A

decrease epi size
increase deciliation
decrease mucus
relaxes m tone

30
Q

layres of oviduct

A

mucous membrane
muscular coat
serosa

31
Q

oviduct mucus membrane

A

thrown into folds of varying extend
few folds in isthmus
extensive folds in ampulla/infundibulum

32
Q

histo oviduct

A

simple columnar epi 2 types:

  • ciliated, cilia mostly beat towards uterus, some towards ovary, primary force of ovum mvmt mm
  • secretory, non ciliated, aka peg cells, tallest in midcycle, shortest in premenstrual period
33
Q

oviduct muscular coat

A

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
often difficult to discern layers due to interlacing layers
peristalsis propels oocyte to uterus, this is primary mode of ovum mvmt

34
Q

uterus layers

A 
serosa
myometrium (thick external m coat)
endometrium (mucous membrane)
35
Q

myometrium

A

fibromuscular coat
bundles of smooth m separated by CT
outermost and innermost layers very thin
middle layer much thicker, circumfrential

36
Q

myometrium during pregnancy

A

extensive growth, both hyperplasia and hypertrophy

numerus gap jnx to coordinate contractions

37
Q

endometrium

A

simple columnar epi
mixture of ciliated and secretory
lamina propria rich in blood vessels, fibroblasts, reticular fibers

38
Q

secretory cells of endometrium

A

simple tubular glands

produce proteins, glycoproteins, mucous

39
Q

layers of endometrium

A

pars functionalis- portion sloughed during menstruation

parsbasalis- portion retained during menstruation forms germinal tissue and renews pars functionalis

40
Q

uterine blood supply

A

arcuate a in myometrium
straight aa supply pars basalis
coiled aa- supply pars functionalis, therefore angiogenesis of these vessels under control of E and P

41
Q

uterine cycle

A 
menstrual phase day 1-5
resurfacing phase day 5-6
proliferative phase day 7-15
secretory phase day 15-26
ischemic phase day 27-28
42
Q

proliferative phase

A 
aligns with ovarian follicular phase
reepithelialization of basal layer
E drives cellular proliferation
induces expression of P receptors
glycogen at base of epi
43
Q

secretory phase

A 
aligns with ovarian luteal phase
inhibition of endometrial growth
stimulation of uterine glands
changes in adhesitvity of surface epi
opposes prolifeative effect of E
glands coil
glycogen moves to apex
44
Q

menstrual phase

A 
aligns w/demise of corpus luteum
coincided w/early follicular phase
upregulates MMPs
upregulates COX-2 -> PGF2alpha -> myometrial contractions (cramps) and vasodilators -> water retention 
sloughing do to WBCs/MOs
coiled aa beceome contricted
45
Q

menstrual flow contents

A

unfertilized secondary oocyte
non-clotting venous and arterial blood
disintegrated epi and stromal cells
galndular secretions

46
Q

resurfacing phase

A

epi cells from base of glands proliferate
migrate to resurface endometrium
angiogensis begins

47
Q

ischemic phase

A

E and P fall, pars functionalis regresses
glands become very coiled, causes intermittent disruptions of blood supply
endometrium shrinks

48
Q

cervix

A

little smooth m
extensive dense CT
prior to parturition CT degrades -> cervical dilation
surface lined w/simple columnar epi
contains mucous secreting cells
mucosa includes no coiled aa
cervical mucosa not shed during menstruation
stratified squamous non kerintonized appears at external uterine os

49
Q

cervical glands

A

branched mucous secreting glands
produce thin watery mucous
allows sperm access to ovum
after ovulation becomes thick, inhibits foreign material from entering uterus

50
Q

cervical glands and E

A

produce thin watery slightly alkaline mucus

51
Q

cervical glands and P

A

produce scant viscous, sightly acidic mucus

52
Q

vagins

A 
thick walled fibromuscular tube
stratifies squamous wet epi w/rugae
thickness regulated by E
thickest mid-cycle
pre-puberty layer thin
langerhans cells- APCs
no glands in vagin
53
Q

acidity of vagina

A

surface cells accumulate glycogen serves as substrate for acid forming bacteria
fall in E levels makes vagina more alkaline

54
Q

lamina propria of vagina

A 
wide band of dense fibrous CT
elastic fibers present towards lumen 
towards base CT becomes looser
outer region very vascular
no muscularis mucosae present
diffuse lymphocytes/nodeuls
WBCs invade epi during menses
no general sensory receptors in vagina, only nociceptors
55
Q

muscularis of vagina

A

2 distinct interlaced smooth m layer
inner- circular
outer-longitudinal
skeletal m surrounds vaginal introitus (mm of pelvic/UG diaphragms

56
Q

labia majora

A

homolog of scrotum

composed of skin-hair at puberty, thin layer of smooth m, adipose tissue

57
Q

labia minor

A

stratifies squamous non-keritinized epi
lamina propria highly vascularized
contains numerus papillae
sebaceous glands present but no hair follicles
melanocytes present, epi highly pigemented

58
Q

vestibule

A 
similar to vagina, except mucous glands present
vestibular gland (glands of bartholin) homolog to bulbourethral glands in male
59
Q

estrogen on vagina

A

stimulates proliferation of vaginal epi

increases glycogen content

60
Q

P on vagina

A

increases desquamation of epi cells

61
Q

E on bones

A

promotes closure of epiphyseal plates

is anabolic and calciotrophic hormone

62
Q

E on liver

A 
incerase LDL receptor
HDL  levels
cortisol binding protein
thyroid hormone binding protein
sex hormone binding protein
63
Q

estrogen on cardiovascular system

A

vasodilation via NO

64
Q

E on CNS

A

appear to be neuroprotective

65
Q

P on CNS

A

regulates set point for thermoregulation

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