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Unit 4: D & D > Malignant Tumors of the Skin > Flashcards

Malignant Tumors of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

In reagards to UV light exposure and CA risk, SCC incidence correlates best with _____, while BCC occurrence corresponds better with _____.

A

total, lifetime ultraviolet radiation exposure; intermittent sunlight exposure and severe sunburns

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2
Q

How many skin cancers are diagnosed annually?

A

3.5 million CAs in 2 million people

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2
Q

What is Ipilimumab?

A

a human monoclonal Ab that blocks CTLA-4; melanoma tx

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3
Q

_____ is the earliest form of squamous cell skin cancer.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease)

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3
Q

Name 10 risk factors for getting skin CA.

A
  1. UVR 2. fair sin 3. being a male 4. chemicals (arsenic, industrial agents) 5. radiation 6. having had a skin CA already 7. phototherapy 8. skin diseases 9. immunosuppression 10. HPV 11. smoking (SCC)
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4
Q

Name a drug for BCC that targets smoothened.

A

Vismodegib

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5
Q

What is the major risk factor for Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease)?

A

sun exposure

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6
Q

Ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, arsenic, or polycyclic hydrocarbons can all cause _____.

A

AKs

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6
Q

_____ accounts for about 3% of skin cancer cases but causes a large majority of skin cancer deaths.

A

Melanoma

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7
Q

What is a Marjolin’s ulcer?

A

an SCC that begins within scars, skin ulcers, or other areas of chronic injury

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8
Q

What is Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease)?

A

the earliest form of SCC

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8
Q

What is the most common NMSC (non-melanoma skin cancer)?

A

BCC

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8
Q

Another system, called ____, describes how far a melanoma has penetrated into the skin instead of actually measuring it.

A

the Clark level

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8
Q

How does a BRAF mutation occur?

A

it’s acquired, not inherited

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10
Q

In which cell layer does BCC arise?

A

in the stratum basalis

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12
Q

____ is the most common pre-malignant skin lesion.

A

Actinic Keratosis

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12
Q

Name an oral BRAF inhibitor- tx for melanoma.

A

Vemurafenib

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13
Q

Is an SCC or BCC more likely to invade the adipose and spread to the lymph nodes?

A

SCC, but this is still rare

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13
Q

Another system, called the Clark level, describes _____ instead of actually measuring it.

A

how far a melanoma has penetrated into the skin

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14
Q

Bowen disease looks like _____.

A

scaly, reddish patches that may be crusted

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14
Q

What drug is a human monoclonal Ab that blocks CTLA-4; a melanoma tx?

A

Ipilimumab

15
Q

SCCs occur much more commonly in ____, especially _____.

A

immunosuppressed patients; organ transplant patients

16
Q

Where does SCC arise in the skin? On the body?

A

in the superficial epidermis; sun exposed areas

17
Q

What does SCC stand for?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

19
Q

What is the name for an SCC that begins within scars, skin ulcers, or other areas of chronic injury?

A

a Marjolin’s ulcer

21
Q

What is the most common form of BCC?

A

nodular (75% of total)

23
Q

Name 3 general tx for AKs.

A
  1. cryotherapy 2. photodynamic therapy 3. topicals (5-fluorouracil, Imiquimod, Diclofenac, Ingenol mebutate)
25
Q

Within 5 years of being diagnosed with basal cell cancer, ____ of people develop a new skin cancer.

A

35% to 50%

26
Q

What is the endothelial malignancy triggered by HHV-8?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

27
Q

What is Vemurafenib?

A

an oral BRAF inhibitor- tx for melanoma

28
Q

The most important indicator of prognosis for all subtypes of melanoma is the ____, which is the maximal thickness of tumor invasion.

A

Breslow depth

30
Q

After treatment, basal cell carcinoma can recur in ____.

A

the same place on the skin

31
Q

Where do BCCs often occur?

A

on the head and neck (sun exposed areas)

32
Q

A mutation in the ____ is found in many melanomas.

A

BRAF gene

33
Q

_____ may appear as growing lumps, often with a rough surface, or as flat, reddish patches that grow slowly.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

34
Q

Actinic Keratosis eventually develops into ____.

A

SCC

35
Q

What does AK stand for?

A

Actinic Keratosis

36
Q

____ occur much more commonly in immunosuppressed pts, especially organ transplant patients.

A

SCCs

37
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as _____ that grow slowly.

A

growing lumps, often with a rough surface, or as flat, reddish patches

38
Q

Why does BCC occur?

A

mutations in the hedgehog pathway (patched, smoothened, or hedgehog)

39
Q

_____ often appear as flat, firm, pale areas or as small, raised, pink or red, translucent, shiny, waxy areas that may bleed after minor injury.

A

Basal cell carcinomas (BCC)

39
Q

What is a Keratoacanthoma?

A

a solitary lesion of sun exposed skin type of SCC cup-shaped invagination of the epidermis with keratin-filled central crater

41
Q

The most important indicator of prognosis for all subtypes of melanoma is the Breslow depth, which is _____.

A

the maximal thickness of tumor invasion

43
Q

Actinic keratoses are distributed in areas of _____ and are characterized by _____ which are often easier to palpate than to visualize.

A

increased sun exposure; hyperkeratosis and erythematous papules

44
Q

What causes Actinic Keratosis (AK)?

A

ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, arsenic, or polycyclic hydrocarbons

46
Q

About 3 out of 4 skin cancers are _____.

A

BCCs

47
Q

Melanoma accounts for about ____ of skin cancer cases but causes a large majority of skin cancer deaths

A

3%

48
Q

SCC in situ appears as _____ which is sharply demarcated from the surrounding skin.

A

an erythematous, hyperkeratotic patch or plaque

49
Q

_____ looks like scaly, reddish patches that may be crusted.

A

Bowen disease

50
Q

What is: a solitary lesion of sun exposed skin type of SCC cup-shaped invagination of the epidermis with keratin-filled central crater

A

a Keratoacanthoma

Unit 4: D & D (22 decks)

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