Male Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the issues with a cryptorchid testicle?

Answer 1

• sterile (too warm)
• suppresses spermatogenesis in the normal testicle
• predisposed to neoplasia and torsion

Question 2

What are the clinical signs associated with testicular torsion?

Answer 2

• anorexia, lethargy
• acute abdomen
• shock and death

Question 3

What are the types of testicular neoplasia?

Answer 3

• interstitial cell
• sertoli cell
• seminoma

Question 4

Describe the effects/signs of a sertoli cell tumor

Answer 4

• estrogen producing
• feminization
• bilateral symmetrical alopecia
• gynecomastia
• penile atrophy
• squamous metaplasia of prostate
• bone marrow suppression

Question 5

What does an interstitial cell tumor predispose the patient to?

Answer 5

• perineal hernia
• perianal adenoma
• anal gland adenocarcinoma

Question 6

What is the treatment for testicular neoplasia?

Answer 6

castration/scrotal ablation

Question 7

What are the indications for scrotal ablation?

Answer 7

• neoplasia
• infection
• trauma
• castration of older, large breed dogs

Question 8

How is a fracture of the os penis treated?

Answer 8

• if simple, catheterize urethra

- if comminuted, use wire or finger plate

Question 9

How is penile trauma/strangulation treated?

Answer 9

• catheterize if urethral trauma

- penile amputation of necrotic

Question 10

What is paraphimosis?

Answer 10

the inability to retract penis into prepuce

Question 11

What are the causes of paraphimosis?

Answer 11

congenital
- narrow orifice
- shortened prepuce
acquired
- trauma, infection, neoplasia, priapism

Question 12

How is paraphimosis treated?

Answer 12

• if viable tissue: lubricants and hyperosmolar agents, reduce back into prepuce
• preputiotomy or preputial advancement
• if persistent: phallopexy
• necrotic: amputation

Question 13

Describe phallopexy

Answer 13

• incision on side of prepuce

- remove 1.5 cm strip of mucosa from dorsal prepuce and penis, and suture together

Question 14

What is phimosis?

Answer 14

inability to protrude penis beyond preputial orifice

Question 15

What are the causes of phimosis?

Answer 15

• congenital: distended prepuce

- acquired: trauma or neoplasia

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of phimosis?

Answer 16

• unusual urine streams

- balanophosthitis from retention of urine

Question 17

How is phimosis treated?

Answer 17

• enlarge preputial orifice

- surgically shorten the prepuce

Question 18

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 18

• a normal aging change in intact males

- increased number and sensitivity of testosterone receptors

Question 19

What are the clinical signs associated with BPH?

Answer 19

• can be asymptomatic
• dyschezia
• ribbon-like feces

Question 20

What is found on physical exam of a dog with BPH?

Answer 20

• symmetrical, enlarged prostate

- pain free

Question 21

How is BPH treated?

Answer 21

castration

Question 22

What is the cause of prostatitis?

Answer 22

ascending infection via the urethra

Question 23

What is the typical signalment of prostatitis?

Answer 23

• middle aged to older intact dogs

- predisposed with BPH

Question 24

What are the clinical signs associated with prostatitis?

Answer 24

• dyschezia
• painful urination
• purulent discharge from urethra

Question 25

What is found on physical exam of a dog with prostatitis?

Answer 25

- fever - painful asymmetric prostate - anorexia, lethargy - cardiac arrhythmias - sepsis, depression, and death

Question 26

What is pathognomonic for prostatitis?

Answer 26

capsular tissue surrounding fluid on ultrasound

Question 27

How is prostatitis treated?

Answer 27

- castration - systemic antibiotics - prostatic drainage (omentalization)

Question 28

Describe the omentalization procedure

Answer 28

- open up the abcess pocket, tunnel through area with hemostat - pick up omentum and draw through - tack in place with sutures (tacked to capsule)

Question 29

What are prostatic cysts?

Answer 29

accumulation of glandular secretions within the prostate

Question 30

Which type of prostatic cyst is most common?

Answer 30

parenchmyal cysts

Question 31

How are prostatic cysts diagnosed?

Answer 31

- abdominal palpation - radiographs - contrast radiographs - ultrasound - FNA (brown, watery fluid)

Question 32

How are prostatic cysts treated?

Answer 32

- small: surgical resection, castration | - large: partial resection, drainage, castration

Question 33

What is the most common prostatic neoplasm?

Answer 33

adenocarcinoma

Question 34

What are the clinical signs associated with prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 34

- dysuria, hematuria - tenesmus - ribbon-like feces - lameness if metastasis to bone - large asymmetrical prostate

Question 35

How is prostatic neoplasia diagnosed?

Answer 35

- radiographs - ultrasound - FNA confirms

Question 36

How is prostatic neoplasia treated?

Answer 36

- often not treated due to advanced disease - palliative: tube cystotomy or urethral stent - if early/small lesions: prostatectomy and radiation

Question 37

When is a subtotal prostatectomy indicated?

Answer 37

- multilocular abscesses - recurrent abscesses - neoplasia

Question 38

When is total prostatectomy indicated?

Answer 38

early neoplasia

Question 39

What is the main complication of total prostatectomy

Answer 39

80% will be incontinent