Male Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the issues with a cryptorchid testicle?
- sterile (too warm)
- suppresses spermatogenesis in the normal testicle
- predisposed to neoplasia and torsion
What are the clinical signs associated with testicular torsion?
- anorexia, lethargy
- acute abdomen
- shock and death
What are the types of testicular neoplasia?
- interstitial cell
- sertoli cell
- seminoma
Describe the effects/signs of a sertoli cell tumor
- estrogen producing
- feminization
- bilateral symmetrical alopecia
- gynecomastia
- penile atrophy
- squamous metaplasia of prostate
- bone marrow suppression
What does an interstitial cell tumor predispose the patient to?
- perineal hernia
- perianal adenoma
- anal gland adenocarcinoma
What is the treatment for testicular neoplasia?
castration/scrotal ablation
What are the indications for scrotal ablation?
- neoplasia
- infection
- trauma
- castration of older, large breed dogs
How is a fracture of the os penis treated?
- if simple, catheterize urethra
- if comminuted, use wire or finger plate
How is penile trauma/strangulation treated?
- catheterize if urethral trauma
- penile amputation of necrotic
What is paraphimosis?
the inability to retract penis into prepuce
What are the causes of paraphimosis?
congenital - narrow orifice - shortened prepuce acquired - trauma, infection, neoplasia, priapism
How is paraphimosis treated?
- if viable tissue: lubricants and hyperosmolar agents, reduce back into prepuce
- preputiotomy or preputial advancement
- if persistent: phallopexy
- necrotic: amputation
Describe phallopexy
- incision on side of prepuce
- remove 1.5 cm strip of mucosa from dorsal prepuce and penis, and suture together
What is phimosis?
inability to protrude penis beyond preputial orifice
What are the causes of phimosis?
- congenital: distended prepuce
- acquired: trauma or neoplasia
What are the clinical signs of phimosis?
- unusual urine streams
- balanophosthitis from retention of urine
How is phimosis treated?
- enlarge preputial orifice
- surgically shorten the prepuce
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- a normal aging change in intact males
- increased number and sensitivity of testosterone receptors
What are the clinical signs associated with BPH?
- can be asymptomatic
- dyschezia
- ribbon-like feces
What is found on physical exam of a dog with BPH?
- symmetrical, enlarged prostate
- pain free
How is BPH treated?
castration
What is the cause of prostatitis?
ascending infection via the urethra
What is the typical signalment of prostatitis?
- middle aged to older intact dogs
- predisposed with BPH
What are the clinical signs associated with prostatitis?
- dyschezia
- painful urination
- purulent discharge from urethra
What is found on physical exam of a dog with prostatitis?
- fever
- painful asymmetric prostate
- anorexia, lethargy
- cardiac arrhythmias
- sepsis, depression, and death
What is pathognomonic for prostatitis?
capsular tissue surrounding fluid on ultrasound
How is prostatitis treated?
- castration
- systemic antibiotics
- prostatic drainage (omentalization)
Describe the omentalization procedure
- open up the abcess pocket, tunnel through area with hemostat
- pick up omentum and draw through
- tack in place with sutures (tacked to capsule)
What are prostatic cysts?
accumulation of glandular secretions within the prostate
Which type of prostatic cyst is most common?
parenchmyal cysts
How are prostatic cysts diagnosed?
- abdominal palpation
- radiographs
- contrast radiographs
- ultrasound
- FNA (brown, watery fluid)
How are prostatic cysts treated?
- small: surgical resection, castration
- large: partial resection, drainage, castration
What is the most common prostatic neoplasm?
adenocarcinoma
What are the clinical signs associated with prostatic neoplasia?
- dysuria, hematuria
- tenesmus
- ribbon-like feces
- lameness if metastasis to bone
- large asymmetrical prostate
How is prostatic neoplasia diagnosed?
- radiographs
- ultrasound
- FNA confirms
How is prostatic neoplasia treated?
- often not treated due to advanced disease
- palliative: tube cystotomy or urethral stent
- if early/small lesions: prostatectomy and radiation
When is a subtotal prostatectomy indicated?
- multilocular abscesses
- recurrent abscesses
- neoplasia
When is total prostatectomy indicated?
early neoplasia
What is the main complication of total prostatectomy
80% will be incontinent
