Bladder Flashcards
What nerves supply the bladder?
- hypogastric (SNS)
- pelvic (PSNS)
What vessels supply the bladder?
- caudal vesicular
- prostatic/vaginal artery
What are the clinical signs associated with persistent urachus?
- urine dribbling from umbilicus
- omphalitis
- ventral abdominal dermatitis
How is persistent urachus diagnosed?
contrast media in the umbilicus
How is persistent urachus treated?
surgical removal of the urachal tube
What is vesicourachal diverticulum?
the external opening of the urachus is closed, but the bladder attachment is patent
How is vesicourachal diverticulum diagnosed?
positive contrast cystography
How is vesicourachal diverticulum treated?
partial cystectomy and diverticuloectomy
Describe a urachal cyst
- secreting urachal epithelium persists
- usually asymptomatic
What is urachal sinus?
How is it treated?
- persistent distal urachus remains open
- surgical excision
What are the possible causes of bladder rupture?
- trauma
- severe cystitis
- neoplasia
- urethral obstruction
- iatrogenic
What are the acute clinical signs of bladder rupture?
What can they progress to?
acute: - may be asymptomatic - hematuria, anuria, abdominal pain progression: - dehydration - acidosis, azotemia - hyperkalemia - death
How is bladder rupture diagnosed?
- plain radiographs
- ultrasound
- positive contrast urethrocystogram
- abdominocentesis
What are the indications for a tube cystotomy?
- stabilize patient with LUT obstruction
- bladder or urethral trauma
- neurologic bladders
What are the indications for a cystopexy?
- tube cystotomy
- perineal hernia
- urinary incontinence associated with pelvic bladder
What are the most common cystic calculi?
struvite and Ca oxalate
What are the clinical signs associated with urinary calculi?
- straining, hematuria, painful urination
- palpation of large thickened bladder
- majority have a UTI
What are the non-surgical treatments for cystic calculi?
- hydropropulsion
- transurethral cystoscopy
- dietary modification
- electrohydraulic lithotripsy
What are the indications for a cystotomy?
- urinary tract obstruction
- no medical options
What suture patterns are used to close a cystotomy?
- one or two layer inverting pattern (cushing following by Lembert)
- simple continuous in submucosa followed by cushing pattern
- one or two layer appositional pattern
What is polypoid cystitis?
polyp-like growths in the mucosa of the bladder
- non-neoplastic
What is the most common tumor of the bladder in cats and dogs?
transitional cell carcinoma
What is the signalment of bladder tumors in dogs?
- 97% malignant
- older females
- trigone area
- scottish terriers
What is the signalment of bladder tumors in cats?
- middle aged males
- apex region
What are the predisposing factors to transitional cell carcinoma?
- obesity
- insecticide or herbicide exposure
- cyclophosphamide
What is seen on physical exam of a patient with TCC?
- palpable abdominal mass
- painful abdomen
- weight loss
- signs of metastatic disease: lymphadenopathy, coughing/dyspnea, lameness
How is TCC diagnosed?
- urine cytology
- cystoscopy
- radiographs
- ultrasound
- transurethral biopsy
- bladder tumor antigen test
How is TCC treated?
- partial cystectomy
- chemotherapy
