Bladder

Question 1

What nerves supply the bladder?

Answer 1

• hypogastric (SNS)

- pelvic (PSNS)

Question 2

What vessels supply the bladder?

Answer 2

• caudal vesicular

- prostatic/vaginal artery

Question 3

What are the clinical signs associated with persistent urachus?

Answer 3

• urine dribbling from umbilicus
• omphalitis
• ventral abdominal dermatitis

Question 4

How is persistent urachus diagnosed?

Answer 4

contrast media in the umbilicus

Question 5

How is persistent urachus treated?

Answer 5

surgical removal of the urachal tube

Question 6

What is vesicourachal diverticulum?

Answer 6

the external opening of the urachus is closed, but the bladder attachment is patent

Question 7

How is vesicourachal diverticulum diagnosed?

Answer 7

positive contrast cystography

Question 8

How is vesicourachal diverticulum treated?

Answer 8

partial cystectomy and diverticuloectomy

Question 9

Describe a urachal cyst

Answer 9

• secreting urachal epithelium persists

- usually asymptomatic

Question 10

What is urachal sinus?

How is it treated?

Answer 10

• persistent distal urachus remains open

- surgical excision

Question 11

What are the possible causes of bladder rupture?

Answer 11

• trauma
• severe cystitis
• neoplasia
• urethral obstruction
• iatrogenic

Question 12

What are the acute clinical signs of bladder rupture?

What can they progress to?

Answer 12

acute:
- may be asymptomatic
- hematuria, anuria, abdominal pain
progression:
- dehydration
- acidosis, azotemia
- hyperkalemia
- death

Question 13

How is bladder rupture diagnosed?

Answer 13

• plain radiographs
• ultrasound
• positive contrast urethrocystogram
• abdominocentesis

Question 14

What are the indications for a tube cystotomy?

Answer 14

• stabilize patient with LUT obstruction
• bladder or urethral trauma
• neurologic bladders

Question 15

What are the indications for a cystopexy?

Answer 15

• tube cystotomy
• perineal hernia
• urinary incontinence associated with pelvic bladder

Question 16

What are the most common cystic calculi?

Answer 16

struvite and Ca oxalate

Question 17

What are the clinical signs associated with urinary calculi?

Answer 17

• straining, hematuria, painful urination
• palpation of large thickened bladder
• majority have a UTI

Question 18

What are the non-surgical treatments for cystic calculi?

Answer 18

• hydropropulsion
• transurethral cystoscopy
• dietary modification
• electrohydraulic lithotripsy

Question 19

What are the indications for a cystotomy?

Answer 19

• urinary tract obstruction

- no medical options

Question 20

What suture patterns are used to close a cystotomy?

Answer 20

• one or two layer inverting pattern (cushing following by Lembert)
• simple continuous in submucosa followed by cushing pattern
• one or two layer appositional pattern

Question 21

What is polypoid cystitis?

Answer 21

polyp-like growths in the mucosa of the bladder

- non-neoplastic

Question 22

What is the most common tumor of the bladder in cats and dogs?

Answer 22

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 23

What is the signalment of bladder tumors in dogs?

Answer 23

• 97% malignant
• older females
• trigone area
• scottish terriers

Question 24

What is the signalment of bladder tumors in cats?

Answer 24

• middle aged males

- apex region

Question 25

What are the predisposing factors to transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 25

• obesity
• insecticide or herbicide exposure
• cyclophosphamide

Question 26

What is seen on physical exam of a patient with TCC?

Answer 26

• palpable abdominal mass
• painful abdomen
• weight loss
• signs of metastatic disease: lymphadenopathy, coughing/dyspnea, lameness

Question 27

How is TCC diagnosed?

Answer 27

• urine cytology
• cystoscopy
• radiographs
• ultrasound
• transurethral biopsy
• bladder tumor antigen test

Question 28

How is TCC treated?

Answer 28

• partial cystectomy

- chemotherapy