Dentistry Flashcards
Define mesial
surface of tooth toward the midline of the dental arch
Define diastema
wider space between teeth
Define apical and coronal
apical - toward the root or away from the crown
coronal - towards the crown
What is gingival sulcus?
potential space between tooth and gingiva
What are the components of the periodontum?
- gingiva
- periodontal ligament
- cementum
- alveolar bone
What are the functions of the periodontal ligament?
- attaches tooth to alveolus
- absorbs shock from the impact of occlusal forces and transmits them to the alveolar bone
- supplies nutrients and drainage
- provides tactile and proprioceptive information
- isolates tooth from surrounding bone
What happens if the periodontal ligament ossifies?
osteoclasts can invade the tooth and remodel it into brittle bone
- roots disappear and crown breaks off when chewing solids
What is problem with the parotid salivary gland papilla, and where is it located?
- releases mineral rich saliva and makes tartar accumulate more quickly
- PM 208
What forms the dentin, enamel, and cementum?
dentin - odontoblasts (throughout life)
enamel - ameloblasts
cementum - cementoblasts (throughout life)
What causes retained deciduous teeth?
Who is most predisposed?
- caused by a failure of the primary tooth’s root to undergo resorption
- toy breeds, also in cats
What is the problem caused by retained deciduous teeth?
- adult canines erupt lingual to retained teeth
- cause base narrowing
Who is predisposed to tooth crowding?
bracycephalics
What is gemination?
incomplete splitting into two teeth
- two crowns, one root
What is “Scissors Bite”?
- normal occlusion
- maxillary incisors rostral to mandubular incisors
- mandibular incisors contact cingulum of maxillary incisors
- mandibular canines between lateral incisor and maxillary canine
What is cingulum?
the shelf on the palatal surface of the maxillary incisors where the mandibular incisors occlude or rest
Describe class 1 malocclusion
- malpositioned teeth
- jaw length normal
- anterior/posterior cross-bite
- base narrow canines
Describe class 2 malocclusion
- mandibular brachygnathism
- parrot mouth, overshot
Describe class 3 malocclusion
- mandibular prognathism
- undershot
What is anterior cross-bite?
one or more of the maxillary incisors are displaced toward the palate - class 1 malocclusion
What is posterior cross-bite?
maxillary premolars are lingual to mandibular premolars or molars - class 1 malocclusion
What is level bite?
incisor crowns meet
- considered prognathism
- class 3 malocclusion
- leads to abnormal wear/attrition
What is wry mouth?
unequal arch development
- midlines do not meet
- mandible pulled to opposite side
What is a dentigerous cyst?
fluid filled cyst surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth
- results from persistence of portions of enamel forming epithelium
What are the clinical signs of a dentigerous cyst?
- missing teeth
- swelling: blue hue
- displacement of teeth
- pain
How is a dentigerous cyst treated?
- extraction of impacted tooth
- remove lining of cyst
- bone graft
What is the cause of enamel hypoplasia/hypocalification?
- damage to ameloblasts during enamel development or exposure of enamel to corrosive material
- due to high fevers, distemper, periapical inflammation, or trauma
What is attrition?
pathologic wear due to contact with opposing tooth
What is the etiology of dental caries?
bacteria produce organic acids that decalcify enamel and dentin in the presence of carbs
What are the clinical signs of periapical infection?
- nasal disease
- maxillary/mandibular abscesses
- intraoral fistula
- retrobulbar disease
- pathologic fracture
What is the etiology of gingival hyperplasia?
- focal: periodontal disease
- generalized: seen in boxers
- drugs: cyclosporine, Ca channel blockers, anticonvulsants
What is the treatment for uncomplicated and enamel fractures?
- indirect pulp capping
- crown restoration
What is the treatment for complicated fractures?
- vital pulpotomy or root canal
- crown restoration or tooth extraction
What is the objective of a vital pulpotomy?
to maintain viable tooth that will continue to mature
What is the objective of a complete root canal?
- complete removal of pulp contents
- seal apex to prevent bacteria from escaping
What are the five stages of tooth resorption?
- Stage 1: mild hard tissue loss
- Stage 2: moderate hard tissue loss
- Stage 3: deep hard tissue loss
- Stage 4 - extensive hard tissue loss
- Stage 5 - majority of tooth has been resorbed
What are the clinical signs associated with tooth resorption?
- inflammation and pain when lesions extend coronally
- localized hyperplasic/hyperemic gingiva
- pain: dropping food, anorexia, chattering
What are the clinical signs of gingivostomatitis?
- pytalism, halitosis, dysphagia, anorexia, weight loss
- marginal gingitivitis
- inflammation
What is the treatment for gingivostomatitis?
tooth extraction
What are the clinical signs of canine ulcerative paradental stomatitis?
- halitosis
- pytalism
- anorexia
- “kissing” leisons
What are the clinical signs of eosinophilic granuloma?
- skin lesions: ulcerations, linear granulomas
- oral lesions: lip ulceration, hard palate erosion
What are the indications for a glossectomy?
- trauma
- neoplasia
- macroglossia
What is an acquired pellicle?
a thin layer of salivary proteins on the surface of the tooth to which bacteria attach
What is the pathology associated with periodontitis?
- irreversible
- gingival recession
- destruction of periodontal ligament
- bone loss
- mobility
What are the clinical signs of periodontal disease?
- halitosis
- accumulation of plaque and tartar
- inflammed or bleed gingiva
- loose teeth
- excessive salivation
Describe stage 1 of periodontal disease
Gingivitis
- erythema
- bleeding of gingiva when probed
- loss of stipling
- reversible
Describe stage 2 of periodontal disease
Early periodontitis
- bleeding of gingiva when probed
- minor pockets
- normal to hyperplastic gingiva
- +/- minimal bone loss
- controllable, but not completely reversible
Describe stage 3 of periodontal disease
Moderate periodontitis
- gingival hyperplasia +/- recession
- moderate to deep pockets
- 25-50% bone loss
- slight to moderate mobility
Describe stage 4 of periodontal disease
Advanced periodontitis
- gingival recession, furcation exposure
- deep pockets
- > 50% bone loss
- tooth mobility
- horizontal and vertical bone loss
What is feline buccal bone expansion?
an expression of vertical pocket formation filled with granulation tissue and osteitis
What is the #1 preventative method of periodontal disease?
mechanical abrasion
What are the indications for exodontics?
- retained deciduous teeth
- severe periodontal disease
- non-vital teeth or fractured crown with root exposure
- teeth undergoing absorption
- malocclusion
- supernumerary teeth
- impacted teeth
When is surgical extraction of teeth indicated?
- teeth with healthy root structure
- impacted teeth
- decreased teeth where complications are a major risk
What are the possible causes of an oronasal fistula?
- dental disease and extractions
- pressure necrosis from foreign body
- complication of surgery
- trauma
