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Small Animal Surgery > Arthritis and Osteochondrosis > Flashcards

Arthritis and Osteochondrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Define arthropathy

A

any joint disease

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2
Q

Define arthritis

A

inflammation within a joint

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3
Q

Define polyarthritis

A

inflammation in several joints simultaneously

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4
Q

Define osteophyte

A

bony projections that form at synovial or articular margins

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5
Q

Define enthesiophyte

A

bone projections that form at tendon/ligament attachment

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6
Q

What is a joint mouse?

A

mobile fragment within a joint

  • loose osteophyte
  • fragment of cartilage
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7
Q

Define -rrhaphy

A

to suture in place, or to close

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8
Q

Define imbrication

A

surgical tightening

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9
Q

Define -plasty

A

surgical repair or shaping of

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10
Q

Define ankylosis

A

spontaneous fusion of a joint

- end stage of joint disease

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11
Q

Define arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion of a joint

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12
Q

Define arthrotomy

A

incision of a joint

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13
Q

What is the cause of primary osteoarthritis?

Is it more common it dogs or cats?

A
  • idiopathic

- more common in cats

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14
Q

What are the causes of secondary osteoarthritis?

A
  • DJD
  • developmental (OCD, dysplasia)
  • acquired (trauma, neoplasia)
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15
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis

A
  • damage to articular cartilage: aberrant repair causes degradation
  • altered subchondral bone metabolism
  • periarticular osteophytosis
  • synovial inflammation
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16
Q

What are the common radiographic signs seen with osteoarthritis?

A
  • osteophytes
  • effusion
  • increased or decreased joint space
  • soft tissue swelling
  • subchondral sclerosis
17
Q

What are the possible medical treatments of osteoarthritis?

A
  • weight management
  • exercise moderation
  • physical therapy
  • analgesics
  • disease-modifying agents
  • neutraceuticals
18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

A

reduce pro-inflammatory mediators by inhibiting COX

19
Q

What is the main mechanism of disease-modifying agents?

A

promote synthesis over breakdown of cartilage

20
Q

What is the MOA and effects of glucosamine/chondroitin?

A
  • stimulate proteoglycan synthesis of hyaline cartilage

- anti-inflammatory

21
Q

What is the MOA of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

compete with arachidonic acid as a substrate for COX

- produce less pro-inflammatory mediators

22
Q

What is the MOA and effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables?

A
  • anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoarthritic
  • decrease inflammatory mediators
  • increase cartilage matrix synthesis
23
Q

What is osteochondrosis?

A

defect in endochondrial ossification

24
Q

Describe endochondrial ossification

A
  • the process by which epiphyseal cartilage becomes bone
  • starts from epiphyseal center of ossification
  • travels outward in ossification wave
  • anastomosis forms between perichondral plexus and epiphyseal bone supply
25
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of osteochondrosis

A
  • disruptions in anastomosis leads to cartilage necrosis
  • necrosis blocks ossification wave
  • cartilage thickens
26
Q

What is osteochondrosis dissecans?

A
  • a flap of cartilage is lifted from the articular surface

- necrotic cartilage induces repair

27
Q

What is meant by “biphasic presentation” in regards to OCD?

A
  • initially and in young animals, pain is due to inflammation
  • later and in mature animals, pain is due to DJD
28
Q

What are the predisposing factors for OCD?

A
  • genetics/hereditary (not alone): males, large breeds
  • high vitamin D/calcium
  • high dietary energy
  • trauma
29
Q

What is the difference between microtrauma and macrotrauma?

A

micro - normal weight-bearing stress

macro - athletic, high impact stress

30
Q

Which joints are more commonly affected by OCD?

A

shoulder - CdL humeral head
elbow - M humeral condyle
hock - M/L talar ride
stifle - M/L femoral condyle

31
Q

What are the indications for conservative treatment of OCD?

A
  • small lesion
  • young patient
  • clinically silent or mild lameness
  • poor surgical outcome
32
Q

What are the possible surgical treatments of OCD?

A
  • fragment removal and subchondral bone debridement
  • replacement of articular cartilage with fibrocartilage
  • osteochrondral transplants

Small Animal Surgery (26 decks)

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