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Physiology II > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Label the following

A
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2
Q

What are the two primary functions of the gonads (testes)?

A

1) Spermatogenesis
2) Synthesis of testosterone and Inhibin

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3
Q

What structures make up the duct system?

(hint: REEVE)

A

R = rete testis
E = efferent ductules
E = epididymis
V = vas deferens
E = ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

What are the three glands in male reproduction?

A

1) Bulbourethral gland
2) Prostate
3) Seminal Vesicles

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5
Q

The testes are suspended outside of the body in a sac known as the ___

A

scrotum

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6
Q

Production of spermatozoa requires a lower than normal internal body temperature because ___ in spermatocytes may release enzymes that can lead to regression of germinal cells

A

lysosomes

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7
Q

Label this teste:

A
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8
Q

The teste is divided into ___, each of which has loops of _______ (where spermatoza mature)

A

lobules; seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Where do spermatozoa mature?
A. Rete Testis
B. Epididymus
C. Seminiferous Tubules

A

C. Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

Sperm moves through ____→ ____ to reach the _____ for
packaging

A

rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymus

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11
Q

The walls of the seminiferous tubules contain ____ and ___, (which will become spermatozoa)

AND ____
(provide protection and crucial nutrients)

A

1) spermatogonia (germ cells)
2) spermatocytes (developing sperm)

3) Sertoli cells

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12
Q

What three cells are in the walls of the seminiferous tubule?

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • Spermatogonia
  • Spermatocyte
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13
Q

What is found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule?

A

1) Immotile spermatozoa
2) Luminal fluid secreted by sertoli cells

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14
Q

Where do spermatozoa acquire motility and complete their maturation?

A

Epididymis

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15
Q

The build up pressure of the luminal fluid pushes the spermatozoa through the ____ and ____ to the ____

A

Seminiferous tubules → rete testis → epididymis

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16
Q

Which cells are located between the seminiferous tubules and are responsible for the synthesis of testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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17
Q

Unlike female oogenesis, spermatogenesis begins at ___. Why?

A

puberty
- all of the phases of spermatogenesis require high concentrations of testosterone

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18
Q

Three major stages of spermatogenesis?

A

stage 1: mitotic proliferation
stage 2: meiosis
stage 3: packaging

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19
Q

Where do the first two stages of spermatogenesis (mitotic proliferation and meiosis) occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Where does packaging, the final stage of spermatogenesis, occur?

A

Epididymis

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21
Q

True or False: Only the final stage of spermatogenesis requires high testosterone

A

False - all stages require high levels

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22
Q

At which stage of spermatogenesis are spermatogonia (germ cells) converted to 1 spermatocytes?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitotic Proliferation
C. Packaging

A

Mitotic proliferation

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23
Q

When are elevated testosterone levels achieved in males?

A

Puberty

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24
Q

True or False: Both mitosis and meiosis are testosterone dependent

A

True

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25
Q

Products of oogenesis vs. spermatogenesis?

A

Oogenesis - 1 haploid daughter cell

Spermatogenesis - 4 haploid daughter cells

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26
Q

Each primary spermatocytes ultimately produces ___ spermatozoa with 23 chromosomes and the characteristic head, mid-piece, and tail

A

four (4)

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27
Q

Each Sertoli cells extends from the ___ to the ___ of the seminiferous tubule

A

basal membrane; lumen

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28
Q

The developing sperm occupy the space between ___ cells

A

Sertoli

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29
Q

What type of junctions keep Sertoli cells together?

A

Tight junctions (develop during puberty)

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30
Q

Function of Tight Junctions?

A

1) provide compartmentalized environment for various phases of sperm differentiation

2) prevent deleterious agents from entering LUMINAL space of seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

Tight junctions are also known as _____

A

blood-testes barrier

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32
Q

Tight junctions define what two compartments within the wall of the seminiferous tubules?

A

1) Outer Basal Compartment
2) Inner Luminal Compartment

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33
Q

In which compartment of the seminiferous tubules does spermatogonia undergo several MITOTIC DIVISIONS to become 1 spermatocytes?
A. Outer Basal Compartment
B. Inner Luminal Compartment

A

A. Outer Basal Compartment

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34
Q

In order to progress in their development, the 1 spermatocyte has to move through the ___ compartment to the ___ compartment.

The tight junctions break briefly to allow passage fo spermatocytes, then reform

A

basal ; adluminal (luminal)

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35
Q

In which compartment of the seminiferous tubules does the primary spermatocyte undergo meiosis and differentiate (without further division) until they reach their final form (spermatozoa)

A. Outer Basal Compartment
B. Inner Luminal Compartment

A

B. Inner Luminal (adluminal) Compartment

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36
Q

Once the spermatozoa are formed, ____ retract and spermatozoa are released into the ___ of the seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells; lumen

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37
Q

____ is the final maturation step in the male reproductive tract, during which immotile spermatozoa become ___, acquire ___, and become more _____

A

Packaging; elongated; motility; concentrated

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38
Q

Where does packaging take place? How long does it take?

A

Epididymis (14 days)

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39
Q

After immature spermatozoa pass through ____, which joint to form a single duct within the epididymis

A

rete testis

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40
Q

____: structure that contains convoluted tubules of smooth muscle, lined with secretory epithelium

A

Epididymides

41
Q

True or False: The final maturation of sperm depends on adequate stimulation of epididymis by high testosterone levels

A

True

42
Q

Which male reproductive structure is responsible for absorbing most of the intra-tubular fluid, thereby concentrating the sperm

A

Epididymis

43
Q

Once epididymis absorbs most of the intratubuar fluid, there isn’y enough hydrostatic pressure to push sperm forward. Spermatozoa cannot move independently because they are too tightly packed.

At this stage: how do the sperm progress through the duct system?

A

Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle cells of the epididymis and vas deferens

44
Q

True or False: Mature, viable spermatozoa are stored for a few days in the ampulla of the vas deferens, then moved to the epididymis until they are ejaculated

A

False - mature, viable spermatozoa are stored for a few days in the epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculated

45
Q

How many sperm are made daily?
How many oocytes are made monthy?

A

30,000,000 sperm/day
1 oocyte/month

46
Q

During ejaculation, the concentrated sperm are mixed with secretions from the ________

A

accessory glands

47
Q

Most of the constituents of semen are made by the three accessory sex glands. Namely:

A

1) Bulbourethral gland
2) Seminal vesicle
3) Prostate

48
Q

_____: bilateral glands that empty into the ampulla of the ductus deferens

_____: surrounds the ejaculatory duct and urethra and secretes alkaline fluid

____: secrete a mucus-like substance that cleans and lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands

49
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Dilute sperm → motility
(note: contains AA, PG, fibrinogen)

50
Q

True or False: The alkaline fluid secreted by the prostate contribute an alkaline component to the semen, which is important for sperm motility and survival in acidic vagina

A

True

51
Q

Sperm cells need to undergo ___ to acquire ability to interact with oocyte. This takes place in fallopian tubes.

A

capacitation

52
Q

True or False: In males, there are variations in frequency of GnRH pulsatile release

A

False - there are NO variations

53
Q

In males, pulsatile release of GnRH stimulates release of ___ and ____

A

LH and FSH

54
Q

In males, LH stimulates synthesis of ____ in testes

FSH stimulates multiple functions of the ___ cells

A

LH = testosterone synthesis (leydig)

FSH = sertoli cells

55
Q

Compare and contrast positive feedback in males vs. females

A

In females:
-Positive feedback of estrogen right before ovulation; progesterone, however, is always regulated via negative feedback

In males:
- No positive feedback in HPA

56
Q

Sertoli cells are homologous to ____ cells (female reproduction)

A

Sertoli = Granulosa cells

57
Q

As part of negative feedback, the plasma testosterone decreases amplitude of ____ release pulses in hypothalamus and blunts the release of ____ (major extent) and ____ (minor extent)

A

GNRH; LH; FSH

58
Q

In males: Inhibin is made by ___ cells. As Inhibin increases, there is a decrease of ___ (negative feedback)

In females: Inhibin is made by ____ cells. As Inhibin increases, there is a decrease of ____ (negative feedback)

A

In males:
- Inhibin is made by Sertoli cells
- ↓ FSH

In females:
- Inhibin is made by Granulosa cells
- ↓ FSH

59
Q

True or False: In males, LH receptors are expressed on Sertoli cells

A

False - in males, LH-R are NOT expressed on Sertoli cells

60
Q

In males, LH binds to its receptors, located exclusively on ____ cells, stimulating testosterone from ____

A

Leydig cells; cholesterol

61
Q

Testosterone diffuses into the plamsa and to the adjacent Sertoli, where it is required for both ___ and ___ of spermatogonia

A

mitosis; meiosis

62
Q

True or False: Local production of testosterone is critical to spermatogenesis

A

True
- Testicular testosterone concentration&raquo_space;» plasma testosterone

63
Q

What cell secreted androgen binding protein? What does this allow for?

A

The sertoli cell secretes androgen binding protein
- allows for higher testosterone concentration to be reached within testes

64
Q

FSH acts on ___ cells (nurse cells) to promote spermatogenesis

A

sertoli cells

65
Q

True or False: FSH-R are restricted to Sertoli cells in males

A

True

66
Q

Although ___ and ___ are required for spermatogenesis, ___ in appears to be particularly essential for early functions in the process and for sensitizing sertoli cell to testosterone

A

testosterone and FSH; FSH

67
Q

FSH stimulates what three things?

A

1) Synthesis of inhibin / androgen-binding protein (sertoli cells)

2) Formation of tight junctions

3) Synthesis of seminiferous tubular fluid

68
Q

What are the eight roles of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

(hint: TSA PIMP G)

A

1) tight junctions
- at puberty, under FSH stimulation

2) secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
- FSH stimulation

3) androgen binding protein
- FSH stimulation
- ABP binds to testosterone, leading to high testosterone concentration in repro tract

4) phagocytose defective sperm
- FSH stimulation

5) INHIBIN
- FSH stimulation
- local: promotes spermatogenesis
- systemic: suppress FSH

6) Mullerian Duct Inhibiting Factor
- secreted in utero
- causes regression of female duct system

7) Paracrine agents
- in response to testosterone and FSH
- stimulates sperm dif/maturation

8) generates nutrients and paracrine GF
- direct cellular dif/modulate leydig fxtion

69
Q

Where is the majority of sperm made?

A

Testes

70
Q

Of the five enzymatic steps involved in converting cholesterol into testosterone, how many lead to synthesis of androstendione and DHEA in the adrenal cortex?

A

Four
- note: step 5 takes place in testes

71
Q

What is the major androgen made by the adrenal gland?

A

Androstenedione
- less potent than testosterone

72
Q

Why can androstenidone not support spermatogenesis in the testes?

A

1) less potent than testosterone
2) plasma [androstenidone] is lower than the [testosterone] in the testes

73
Q

Androgen synthesis occurs in the ___ and ____ glands

A

1) testes
2) adrenal glands

74
Q

Why can men who take exogenous anabolic steroids become infertile?

A
  • Negative feedback is reinforced
  • Therefore: ↓LH = ↓ testosterone made
  • Hypothalamus/Pituitary will not respond
  • ↓ FSH = ↓ ABP made by sertoli cells = ability to concentrate testosterone locally will be reduced
75
Q

Two major effects of taking exogenous anabolic steroids on men?

A

1) Infertility
- Decline in intra-testicular testosterone → impaired spermatogenesis

2) Gynecomastia
- Excess plasma androgens →adipose/muscle (aromatase) → estrogen

76
Q

How is testosterone transported?

A

SSBG/TeBG (made in liver) + albumin
- note: TeBG binds both estrogen and testosterone in the plasma, but has greater affinity for testosterone

77
Q

What is the major end product of testosterone metabolism?

A

Androsterone

78
Q

True or False: The adrenal cortical production of androsterone accountts for a large fraction of 17-ketosteroids excreted in the urine (and, therefore, 17-ketosteroids are NOT a reliable indicator of testicular androgen secretion)

A

True

79
Q

Testosterone is converted to ____ and ______

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone) via: 5a-reductase

Estradiol
via: aromatase (sertoli cells + adipose)

80
Q

Where is 5a reductase primarily found?

A
  • Skin
  • Prostate
81
Q

Which class of drugs are used to treat prostate cancer and male pattern baldness?

A

5a-reductase inhibitors

82
Q

What molecules are required for spermatogenesis?
(hint: TELLS F)

A

T - high testosterone
E - epididymis
L - LH
L - lydig cells
S - sertoli cells

F - FSH

83
Q

Most of the estrogen in the plasma of men is derived from the ___ converstion of testosterone/androstendione to estradiol or estrone. This occurs primarily in the ____

A

peripheral conversion; adipose tissues

84
Q

True or False: Extremely high levels fo estrogen is bad for spermatogenesis and prolonged exposure to xenoestrogens can diminish sperm count

A

True

85
Q

Absence of estrogen in males as a result of genetic mutation results in ___ and ____

A

severe osteoporosis; delayed closure of epiphyses

86
Q

How do men develop BPH?

A
  • As men age, their estrogen levels rise
  • Estrogen may induce expression of androgen receptors on prostate gland, thereby favoring growth of prostate gland
87
Q

What molecule is permissive for LH-stimulated testosterone synthesis?
A. GHRH
B. GnRH
C. Prolactin
D. Growth Hormone
E. Estrogen

A

C. Prolactin

88
Q

True or False: Prolactin increases the number of androgen receptors in prostate and seminal vesicles

A

True

89
Q

What happens in the case of a prolactinoma?

A

Prolactin is secreted at HIGH concentrations
- Therefore: GnRH is inhibited, which suppresses secretion of FSH and LH → decreased testosterone production → impotence

90
Q

As one ages (60 to 70 years old), production of sperm decreases. How does this affect the LH and FSH levels in men?

A

Increases FSH/LH levels

91
Q

AE associated with testosterone replacement therapy used to treat men with hypogonadism

A
  • Increase Hg and hemocrit
  • Fluid retention
  • Sleep apnea
  • Prostate enlargement
  • Cancer????
92
Q

AE associated with testosterone replacement therapy used to treat men with hypogonadism

A
  • Increase Hg and hemocrit
  • Fluid retention
  • Sleep apnea
  • Prostate enlargement
  • Cancer???
93
Q

Why is gynecomastia less likely to develop in a person taking TRT vs. body builder?

A

In TRT, the objective is to re-est. physiological condition of testosterone, while in the case of the body builder, the androgens plasma levels rise way beyond normal

94
Q

The common form of contraception in women in inhibiting LH/FSH. Why does this nor work in men?

A
  • Administration of exogenous testosterone does not completely stop spermatogenesis
95
Q

____: contraceptive procedure by which the vas deferens are tied off and sealed, preventing translocation of sperm to ejaculatory ducts and external environment

A

Vasectomy

96
Q

True or False: In a vasectomy, sperm build up and is eventually re-absorbed, but there is not liquid accumulation because seminiferous liquid is reabsorbed by the epididymis.

A

True

97
Q

True or False: Vasectomy lowers production of testosterone :(

A

False - does not affect leydig cells

98
Q

How is the supply of spermatogonia maintained throughout a man’s life?

A

One differentiating cell drops out of cascade and reverts to the spermatagonium stage

99
Q

___ → ___ → ___ → ____ → ____

A

spermatagonia

↓ [mitosis/differentiation]

1 spermatocyte

↓ [1st meiotic division]

2 spermatocyte

↓ [2nd meiotic division]

spermatid

↓ [differentiation]

spermatazoa

Physiology II (23 decks)

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